• East Asian mathematical journal
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.141-147
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• 2021

In [1], we studied the PDE system with time-varing delay. Time delay occurs due to loosening in a high-speed moving axially directed membrane (string, belt, or plate) at production. Our purpose in this work derives a mathematical model with internal time delay. First, we consider the physical phenomenon of axially moving membrane with respect to kinetic energy, potential energy and work done. By the energy conservation law in physics, we get the second order nonlinear PDE system with internal time delay.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.97-104
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• 2017

Reinforcement of insulation in apartment buildings reduces the heating and cooling energy consumption by lowering the heat transfer in the building envelope. There are differences between internal and external insulation methods in heat transmission properties. However, some building load calculation programs cannot analysis the differences between the two. This is because these programs do no account for the timelag or thermal storage effect of the wall according to the location of insulation. In this study, the heat transmission characteristics of internal and external insulation were analyzed by EnergyPlus, and heating and cooling energy demand was compared. The results showed that external insulation system had lower heating and cooling loads than internal insulation system. Also the heat transfer rate of external insulation is steadier than internal insulation. About 13.6% of heating and cooling energy demand decreased when the outdoor wall was finished with external insulation compared to the demand with internal insulation.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.100-127
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• 2006

The present study examined internal environment where the size of internal organs (廳服大小) of Taesoeumyang persons (太少陰陽人) is decided focused on nature and emotion (性情), taking note that there is a difference between the parts triggering the rise and fall (升降) of the energy of sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure (哀怒喜樂之氣) of nature and emotion(性情) and the parts expressing the results. Because nature energy is incoming energy (順動之氣), it infuses energy to parts where the energy of sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure reaches and, as a result, forms relatively large-size organs (偏大之臟). When the energy of the four internal organs is produced, the soul, spirit, mind and life (神靈魂?) of the internal organs, which are triggered by outgoing energy, are consumed and as a result emotion is produced at parts where the energy of sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure reaches. It forms relatively small-size organs (偏小之臟). This study examined the process, focused on the direction of the energy of the energy of sorrow, anger, joy and pleasure moving up straight, moving up diagonally, moving down diagonally and moving down straight.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2010

This paper describes the methodology of calculating the internal dose conversion coefficient in order to assess the radiological impact on non-human species. This paper also presents the internal dose conversion coefficients of 25 radionuclides ($^3H,\;^7Be,\;^{14}C,\;^{40}K,\;^{51}Cr,\;^{54}Mn,\;^{59}Fe,\;^{58}Co,\;^{60}Co,\;^{65}Zn,\;^{90}Sr,\;^{95}Nb,\;^{99}Tc,\;^{106}Ru,\;^{129}I,\;^{131}I,\;^{136}Cs,\;^{137}Cs,\;^{140}Ba,\;^{140}La,\;^{144}Ce,\;^{238}U,\;^{239}Pu,\;^{240}Pu$) for domestic seven reference animals (roe deer, rat, frog, snake, Chinese minnow, bee, and earthworm) and one reference plant (pine tree). The uniform isotropic model was applied in order to calculate the internal dose conversion coefficients. The calculated internal dose conversion coefficient (${\mu}Gyd^{-1}$ per $Bqkg^{-1}$) ranged from $10^{-6}$ to $10^{-2}$ according to the type of radionuclides and organisms studied. It turns out that the internal does conversion coefficient was higher for alpha radionuclides, such as $^{238}U,\;^{239}Pu$, and $^{240}Pu$, and for large organisms, such as roe deer and pine tree. The internal dose conversion coefficients of $^{239}U,\;^{240}Pu,\;^{238}U,\;^{14}C,\;^3H$, and $^{99}Tc$ were independent of the organism.

• Architectural research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.11-18
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• 2012

College of Architecture, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, US Abstract The intermittent heating and cooling energy need calculation of the ISO 13790 monthly method was examined. The current ISO 13790 method applies a reduction factor to the continuous heating and cooling need calculation result to derive the intermittent heating and cooling for each month. This paper proposes a method for the intermittent energy need calculation based on the internal mean temperature calculation. The internal temperature calculation procedure was introduced considering the heat-balance taking into account of heat gain, heat loss, and thermal inertia for reduced heating and cooling period. Then, the calculated internal mean temperature was used for the intermittent heating and cooling energy need calculation. The calculation results from the proposed method were compared to the current ISO 13790 method and validated with a dynamic simulation using EnergyPlus. The study indicates that the intermittent heating and cooling energy need calculation method using the proposed model improves transparency of the current ISO 13790 method and draws more rational outcomes in the monthly heating and cooling energy need calculation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 1991

The current rod internal pressure criterion permits fuel rods to operate with internal pressures in excess of system pressure only if internal overpressure does not cause the diametral gap enlargement. In this study, the generic allowable internal gas pressure not violating this criterion is estimated as a function of rod power. The results show that the generic allowable internal gas pressure decreases linearly with the increase of rod power. Application of the generic allowable internal gas pressure for the rod internal pressure design criterion will result in the simplication of the current design procedure for checking the diametral gap enlargement caused by internal overpressure because according to the current design procedure the cladding creepout rate should be compared with the fuel swelling rate at each axial node at each time step whenever internal pressure exceeds the system pressure.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.361-366
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• 2013

An imaging technique to visualize the internal defects in a plate-type nuclear fuel specimen was developed by using an active optical interferometer for a nondestructive quality inspection. A periodic thermal wave having a sinusoidal intensity pattern induced a periodical strain variation for the specimen. The varying strain image was acquired using an optical laser interferometer. The strain distribution over the internal defects will be distorted in an acquired strain image because a part of the thermal wave will be reflected from these defects during propagation. In this paper, internal defects were efficiently visualized by sequentially accumulating the extracted defect components. The experimental results confirmed that the developed visualization system can be a valuable tool to detect the internal defects in plate-type nuclear fuel.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.336-344
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• 2005

In this paper, we extracted the contour of lung parenchyma on EBT images with the improved active contour model. The objects boundary in conventional active contour model can be extracted by controlling internal energy and external energy as energy minimizing form. However, there are a number of problems such as initialization and the poor convergence about concave part. Expecially, contour can not enter the concave region by discouraging characteristic about stretching and bending in internal energy. We controlled internal energy by moving local perpendicular bisector point of each control point in the contour and implemented the object boundary by minimizing energy with external energy The convergence of concave part could be efficiently implemented toward lung parenchyma region by this internal energy and both lung images for initial contour could also be detected by multi-detection method. We were sure this method could be applied detection of lung parenchyma region in medical image.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.357-363
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• 2005

Active contour models have been extensively used to segment, match, and track objects of interest in computer vision and image processing applications, particularly to locate object boundaries. With conventional methods an object boundary can be extracted by controlling the internal energy and external energy based on energy minimization. However, this still leaves a number of problems, such as initialization and poor convergence in concave regions. In particular, a contour is unable to enter a concave region based on the stretching and bending characteristic of the internal energy. Therefore, this study proposes a method that controls the internal energy by moving the local perpendicular bisector point of each control point on the contour, and determines the object boundary by minimizing the energy relative to the external energy. Convergence at a concave region can then be effectively implemented as regards the feature of interest using the internal energy, plus several objects can be detected using a multi-detection method based on the initial contour. The proposed method is compared with other conventional methods through objective validation and subjective consideration. As a result, it is anticipated that the proposed method can be efficiently applied to the detection of the pulmonary parenchyma region in medical images.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.80-93
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• 1990

Review of Literature on Languor and fatigue. According to comparative studies of Oriental and Western medical Literature on the Languor and fatigue on causes and symptom, flowing results were obtained. 1. Common etiologies of the Languor and fatigue in Western medicine are firstly exhaustion of energy, secondly variation of control center-neurotic and body fluid control-, thirdly variation of a living body physico chemical state, forthly production of middle metabolic product, fifthly psychological instability. 2. The expression of the Languor and fatigue in Oriental medicine are consumption, dificiency of vital energy(氣虛), illness caused by overexertion and dificiency of essence of life(精虛). The caure of the Languor and fatigue are dificiency in spleen and stomach(脾胃虛弱), dificiency of both the lung and kidney(肺腎兩虛), the six excessive(六淫), irregular life and excessive mental labor. 3. The symptomes of the Languor and fatigue in western medicine are systemic feeling of fatigue, dislike of work, Dizziness, general fatigue, anorexia, painful body, nerveous prostration. anxiety and decrese of energy, and in oriental medicine dificiency of vital energy, general pain, sinking of vital energy(氣虛下階) in adequate nutrition, confusion and slow speaking.