• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.66-69
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• 2017

The internal temperature of human-tissue transfers must be steadily maintained regardless of the external environmental changes. An ice pack and dry ice are the coolants for the transfer containers for which heat-insulating materials such as EPP (expended polypeopylene and EPS (expended polystrene) are used; however, changes of the external temperature/pressure and the melting of the coolants that is due to a long carriage result in changes of the internal temperature, and this makes it difficult to maintain the temperature. Accordingly, the thermoelectric element was used to design/manufacture a transfer container to maintain the internal temperature regardless of the external environmental changes. As a result of the measurement of the changes of the internal temperatures of the manufactured thermoelectric-element container and the EPS container over time, the internal temperature of the EPS container was increased, whereas the internal temperature of the thermoelectric-element container was maintained. The temperature of the distilled water that was poured into the containers indicated a pattern identical to that of the internal temperature.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.485-492
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• 2013

The temperature changes of dumpling(mandu) during cooking process were examined and the effects of time-temperature and/or time-size interactions on internal temperature were studied. Mandu was purchased from local markets and classified by its weight(small, medium, and large). Boiling, steaming, pan frying, and deep fat frying were adopted. Internal temperature was measured with a food thermometer in every one minute. The internal temperature of mandu increased over time in every cooking process(p<0.05). After three minutes the internal temperature of mandu in boiling, pan frying, and deep fat frying reached over at $74^{\circ}C$, which is high enough temperature to kill the harmful bacteria, but not in steaming. The internal temperature of mandu was significantly affected by cooking time, size, and both in boiling, steaming, and deep fat frying(p<0.05). There were significant differences between the internal and surface temperatures of mandu in the cooking processes except pan frying in three minutes(p<0.05). The results of this study indicate three minutes' cooking of the mandu by boiling, pan frying, and deep fat frying is safe enough to eat. However, longer steaming time is needed in order to reach safe temperature. This study also indicates the cooking time and size of mandu appear to be major factors in determining the internal temperature achieved at $74^{\circ}C$. More research is needed to check time to reach a safe temperature in the cooking process of mandu by steaming.

• Corrosion Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.102-106
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• 2014

Nickel electrodeposition from sulfamate bath has several benefits such as low internal stress, high current density and good ductility. In nickel deposited layers, sulfur induces high temperature embrittlement, as Ni-S compound has a low melting temperature. To overcome high temperature embrittlement problem, adding manganese is one of the good methods. Manganese makes Mn-S compound having a high melting temperature above $1500^{\circ}C$. In this work, the mechanical properties of Ni-Mn deposited layers were investigated by using various process variables such as concentration of Mn$(NH_2SO_3)_2$, current density, and bath temperature. As the Mn content of electrodeposited layers was increased, internal stress and hardness were increased. By increasing current density, internal stress increased, but hardness decreased. With increasing the bath temperature from 55 to $70^{\circ}C$, internal stress of Ni deposit layers decreased, but hardness didn't change by bath temperature. It was likely that eutectoid manganese led to lattice deformation, and the lattice deformation increased hardness and internal stress in Ni-Mn layers. Increasing current density and decreasing bath temperature would increase a mount of $H_2$ absorption, which was a cause for the rise of internal stress.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.99-107
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• 1997

This study was executed to test the possibility of replacement for domestic Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis) for hardwoods and to acquire the information about the effects of drying temperature on internal temperature, moisture content and drying defects. In high-temperature drying, internal temperature increased rapidly to boiling point, immediately after that point the internal temperature rising rate was reduced. In the case of drying at temperature of $125^{\circ}C$, internal temperature could reach at boiling point in a very short time. Moisture content in high-temperature drying showed constant drying rate period and first period of falling rate drying together in 4 hours since experiment begun. There was no strong correlation between initial moisture content and final moisture content. Average drying rate at $115^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$ and $125^{\circ}C$ was 1.42%/hr, 1.88%/hr and 2.02%/hr, respectively; the case of drying temperature of $125^{\circ}C$ showed most rapid drying rate. Drying rate of $125^{\circ}C$ was so rapid that it showed more severe shrinkage, bow, collapse, end check, and internal check development than in other drying conditions. The result of this study showed the strong possibility of high-temperature drying for Japanese larch, and to dry Japanese larch optimally, dry bulb temperature should not exceed $120^{\circ}C$.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.173-180
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• 1979

Temperature distriburion in a hollow chlinder has been analyzed mathematically. Unsteady condition considered assumed a constant heat flux input from the inside. The results are compared with experimental results of surface temperature rise of a gun barrel during continuous firing. Their agreements are acceptable. Effects of various dimensionless parameters on the surface temperature rise are discussed. For small Biot numbers, the external survface temperature approaches more rapidly to the steady temperature. Temperature difference between internal and external surfaces becomes greater for small Biot number. Steady solution assumed that the gas temperature inside the cylinder varies periodically. Relative amplitude and phase angles between the gas temperature and the internal or external surface temperature are obtained. Phase angles become smaller for large radiancy of gas temperature variation, small external Biot number, or large internal biot number. Relative amplitudes become samller as radiancy of gas temperature variation and internal Biot number become smaller. or external Biot number becomes larger. The solution obtained in this paper can be applied to gun barrels, heat pipes used in heat excangers, and reciprocation engines.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.157-160
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• 1991

Copper constantan thermocouples connecting to a recording potentiometer were inserted at the center of the patties and the samples were fried. In general, the internal temperature of the patty samples increased approximately $11.1^{\circ}C$ after the samples were removed from the fryer. The desired internal temperature and maximum internal end-point temperature, at different frying temperatures, can be obtained by adjusting the frying time. The yields of the patties decreased as maximum internal end-point temperature increased or as frying time increased. The internal temperature and maximum internal end-point temperature of the patty samples at three frying temperatures were predicted using polynominal regression of a third-order model with one independent variable, frying time. Polynominal regression of a second-order model with maximum internal end-point temperature as the independent variable was used to predict frying yields at three frying temperatures.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2012

This paper describes an analysis on performance of R744-R404A cascade refrigeration system with internal heat exchanger to optimize the design for the operating parameters of the system. The operating parameters considered in this study include subcooling and superheating degree, internal heat exchanger and compression efficiency, evaporating and condensing temperature in the R744 low- and R404A high-temperature cycle and temperature difference of cascade heat exchanger. The main results are summarized as follows : COP of cascade refrigeration system increases with the increasing of compression efficiency, but decreases with the increasing temperature difference of cascade heat exchanger. Also, the COP increases with the increasing of internal heat exchanger efficiency in high-temperature cycle, but decreases with that in low-temperature cycle. Therefore, internal heat exchanger efficiency, compressor efficiency and temperature difference of cascade heat exchanger on R744-R404A cascade refrigeration system have an effect on the COP of this system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Manufacturing Process Engineers
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.170-175
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• 2013

For this study, the domestically developed bootstrap reservoir of the aircraft is set up in accordance with the temperature and humidity conditions depicted on the qualification test, and the variation in the internal pressure of the bootstrap reservoir of the aircraft is examined. The study shows that the bootstrap reservoir has less variation in the internal pressure at room temperature than at low temperature($-40^{\circ}C$). As a result, the internal pressure can be maintained stably when the temperature of working fluid in the bootstrap reservoir and the atmosphere environment is over room temperature($25^{\circ}C$). Therefore the keeping of temperature above room temperature is very important to operate the bootstrap reservoir of the aircraft properly.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.223-226
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• 2004

Vibration analysis of pipe with Elbow subject to internal pressure and temperature is studied through a commercial finite element analysis tool. The natural frequency of Elbow increased very slightly as internal pressure increases. Meanwhile, the frequency of Elbow decreased as temperature increases. It is shown that frequency deviation caused by temperature was greater than that caused by pressure. As the length of Elbows increases, frequency deviation by temperature stew rapidly, but frequency deviation by pressure was not so high. It is concluded that more concern needs to be focused on temperature rather than on pressure in terms of natural frequency.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 2008.11b
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• pp.1065-1068
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• 2008

Concrete is still one most common construction materials even in railway structures. As structures become massive and mega-sized, the importance of early age concrete quality control becomes more significant. Among various factors, relative humidity and temperature are the primary factors governing the early age quality. Temperature raise due to cement hydration causes stress, which can develop to cracking with internal and/or external restraints. Exposure conditions including ambient temperature, humidity and wind also significantly affect the cracking behavior of early age concrete. Among many of studies on the early age concrete behavior, investigation on the variation of temperature and relative humidity internal of concrete is not common. That is in part because the difficulties in measuring the relative humidity and temperature inside the concrete. This study used a digital sensor with an appropriate logger to measure internal temperature and relative humidity. This direct measuring method is expected to provide more reliable and comprehensive data acquisition on the early age behavior of concrete.