• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.9 no.1
• /
• pp.333-366
• /
• 1992

Safety of recombinant porcine somatotropin administration on pig was studied using 32 Landrace x Yorkshire crossbred pigs. The starting body weight ranged from 55.5kg to 65.3kg. Eight pigs were allotted to each low dose group of sustained releasing rPST(SL), high dose group of sustained releasing rPST(SH), daily injection group of rPST(DI), and control group(C). Pigs in SL group and SH group were injected subcutaneously twice in 3 week-interval with 1000$\mu\textrm{g}$ and 2000$\mu\textrm{g}$ of sustained releasing rPST per kg body weight, respectively. Pigs in DI group were injected intramuscularly with 100$\mu\textrm{g}$ of rPST everyday for 6 weeks. Blood was collected from anterior vena cava just before the first treatment, and at four weeks and six weeks of experiment. Hematological parameters and blood chemical parameters indicating liver function, kidney function, electrolyte metabolism, mineral metabolism and lipid metabolism were determined. Necropsy and urinalysis were performed after final blood collection. The results were summarized as follows, and it is concluded that rPST administration does not affect pig health negatively. 1. rPST administration did not affect kidney function as manisfested by BUN, creatinine and urinalysis. 2. rPST administration did not affect liver function as manisfested by total protein, albumin, serum AST activity serum ALT activity serum ALP activity, serum LDH activity, serum GGT activity and serum SDH activity. 3. rPST administration did not affect skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle and brain as manifasted by serum AST activity and serum LDH activity. 4. rPST administration increased blood glucose level within normal range. 5. rPST administration did not affect lipid metabolism as manisfested by triglyceride, cholesterol, and phospholipid concentrati on. 6. rPst administration dia not affect mineral metabolism as manisfested by calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and iron concentration. 7. rPST administration did not affect electrolyte metabolism as manisfested by Na, K, chloride concentration. 8. rPST administration did not affect erythrocyte count, leukocyte count, thrombocyte count, and plasma fibrinogen level.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.21 no.6
• /
• pp.410-420
• /
• 1988

This study were performed to investigate effect of dietary cadmium(Cd) and protein levels on growth, body protein metabolism and Cd toxicity in growing rats. Forty eight male rats of Sprague-Dawley weighing 113$\pm$2g were blocked into 6 groups accoridng to body weight. Dietary protein were given at the levels of 7, 15 and 40% of diet and Cd (200ppm)were either added or not. The result obtained were summerized as follow; 1) Food intake, weight gain, FER PER, liver and kidney weight, weight and length of bones, hematocrit, and hemoglobin content in Cd-added groups were low than those in Cd-free groups. 2) Serum total protein showed no significant difference with Cd addition, but it was significantly lower in low protein diet groups. Liver protein in Cd-added groups was lower than Cd-free groups, and was tend to be increased with increasing dietary protein level. 3) Daily urinary and fecal nitrogen excretions in Cd-added groups were lower than Cd-free groups, and were increased with increasing dietary protein level. 4) Cadmium contents in blood, liver, kidney, and femur were tend to be decreased with increasing dietary protein level. Especially, Cd content in kidney of Cd-added groups was significantly decreased with increasing dietary protein level. 5) Daily urinary and fecal Cd excretions were tend to be increased with increasing dietary protein level, and Cd-added-high protein diet group showed the highest Cd excretion among the Cd-added groups, Cd absorption ration and Cd retention ratio were tend to be decreased with increasing dietary protein level.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.47-59
• /
• 1991

This study wa performed to investigate the effects of dietary protein and fiber on the lead and protein metabolism in lead poisoning rats. Seventy male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 172$\pm$2g were blocked into 14 gropus according to body weight. Protein(casein) was given at levels of 15 or 40%, and fibers(pectin, cellulose and CMC) were given at levels of 0, 4 or 10%. The results are summarized as follows: 1. Food intake, weight gain and food efficiency ratio(FER) in groups fed high protein diets were higher than those in low protein groups. Liver weight in groups fed no dietary fiber was higher than that of animals fed fiber. Kidney and femur weights were greater in high protein groups. Tibia and femur lengths, and tibia weight were not significantly different among groups. 2. Hemoglobin content and hematocrit values showed no significant differance with dietary factors. 3. Total protein contents of serum and liver showed no significant difference, but tended to increase with increasing dietary protein level. Both daily urinary and fecal nitrogen excretions in high protein groups were higher than those in low protein groups. Especially daily fecal nitrogen excretions in high dietary fiber groups were significantly high. Body nitrogen absorption rate was the highest in animals fed no fiber. 4. Pb levels in blood, liver, kidney and bone tended to decrease with high dietary protein and fiber levels. Especially Pb level of kidney was high in all groups. Daily urinary Pb excretion showed no significant difference with dietary factors, but fecal Pb excretion increased significantly in high protein and fiber groups.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.309-320
• /
• 1995

The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of calcium levels(50, 100 and 200% of requirement) on metabolism of Ca, Na and K in Young and adult female rats for 3 weeks. There was no significant difference in feed intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency ratio among the groups of different Ca intake level. Serum Na level of high-Ca group was significantly lower than that of low-Ca or normal-Ca group in Young rats. There was no significant difference in liver Ca and K contents among the groups of different Ca intake levels. But, Na content in liver was decreased by the increase of dietary Ca intake. Ca content in kidney of high-Ca group in young rats and normal-Ca group in adult rats were significantly higher than those of other groups. Na content in kidney of low-Ca group was lower than those of normal-Ca and high-Ca groups. Urinary excretions of Na and K and fecal excretion of Ca were increased by the increase of dietary Ca intake. But, fecal excretions of Na and K were not affected by dietary Ca intake. According to this study, it was found that the high Ca consumption promotes excretions of fecal Ca and urinary Na and K in rats. The study verifies the need for more study on the interrelationship among Ca, Na and K metabolism and bood pressure.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.539-546
• /
• 1989

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of addition of cellulose in the diet on the metabolism in rat fed high and low level of zinc. The experimental animals were consisted of 24 male weaning rats of Sprague-Dawley strain(mean weight 72.3g), and they were devided into 4 groups of 6 rats and fed experimental diets for four weeks. Dietary zinc levels used were 10 ppm, and 300ppm and cellulose levels were 2.5% and 10% of diet by weight. Throughout the experimental period, feed consumption and body weight gain were measured and feed efficiency ratio was calculated. The weight of live, kidney and spleen were measured, and the contents of zinc in feces, urine, liver, kidney, spleen and serum were determined. The results obtained are summarized as following ; 1. Body weight gain in high zinc-adequate cellulose group was significantly higher than the other groups. Feed consumptions were significantly higher in high zinc groups and no significant difference was found with dietary cellulose levels. 2. Fecal zinc excretions of four groups were not different at the first week, but at the end of fourth week, high zinc groups experince significantly more zinc excretion than low zinc groups, and also high cellulose groups had higher zinc contents in the feces than the adequate ones within the same zinc levels(p<0.05). There was no significant difference in the urinary zinc excretion. 3. The weights of liver, kidney and spleen were heavier in the high zinc groups than the lower ones, and higher in the high cellulose groups(p<0.05). The liver zinc contents were significantly lower in the low zinc and high cellulose groups. However zinc contents in the kidney and serum were not influenced by dietary zinc level but by cellulouse level. High cellulose diet lowered serum and kidney zinc concentrations(p<0.05).

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.54 no.3
• /
• pp.180-186
• /
• 2010

Aldosterone, mineralocorticoid hormone, has important functions related to the regulation of blood pressure and balance of fluids and electrolytes in the distal region of the nephron. By genomic and non-genomic action of aldosterone, the physiological kidney functions are modulated. However, many of them except several kind of sodium channel have not been identified and analyzed yet. In this study, proteomic technologies with two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) gel using aldosterone rat model were applied to analyze and identify the aldosterone dependently expressed proteins in rat kidney cortex. As a result, the established aldosterone rat model exhibited the normal physiological responses to aldosterone and modulated proteins were identified, which included 15 increased and 3 decreased proteins on 2-DE analysis. Among them, 11 proteins were identified as changed proteins by LC-MS/MS analysis. These proteins identified as aldosterone induced proteins were involved in several cellular pathways such as cytoskeleton remodeling, energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and chaperone process. In conclusion, our data could provide the insights into the new mechanism underlying regulation of kidney functions by aldosterone.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.36 no.5
• /
• pp.169-174
• /
• 2022

In Korean medicine, the "five viscera" theory develops into the theory of homeostasis, in which the dynamic equilibrium state of the yin yang and five elements in the body maintain the balance of the physiological functions. The "five viscera" of the "five elements" can also be referred to as the "functional system," a conceptual system that includes all functional interactions mediated by the organ as well as the organ itself. Nowadays, the structure and function of the organs and tissues in the body are being re-examined, and there is now enough evidence that organs, structures, and their functions that belong to the same "element" are all connected in terms of energy metabolism. The functional system of the "kidney" includes the kidney itself, as well as other components that belong to "water" of the five elements such as bladder, bone, ear, essence, memory, and fear. The authors will discuss the latest findings in science and medicine to expand the understanding of the "Kidney" functional system to the level of molecular physiology.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.75-85
• /
• 2008

This study investigated the effects of chitosan on mineral metabolism in rats exposed to cadmium by oral administration. Six week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into eight groups. Four groups were fed AIN-93G based 3% ${\alpha}$-cellulose diets and the other four groups were fed 3% chitosan diets for four weeks with the oral administration of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg Cd/2ml distilled water three times per week, respectively. The essential mineral contents of serum, liver, kidney and bone (femur and lumbar), and the excretion of calcium in feces and urine were determined. There was no significant difference in weight gain and food intake among groups. The cadmium administration significantly decreased calcium in serum, iron in blood, calcium and iron in liver and iron contents in kidney. In contrast, calcium and zinc contents in kidney increased by the administration of cadmium. The weight, length and breaking forces of the femur and lumbar were not significantly different due to cadmium administration and chitosan among the groups. The fecal excretion of calcium was increased by the administration of cadmium. On the other hand, calcium absorption and the absorption rate were decreased by Cd administration. In the groups without Cd administered (N, N-Chi groups), chitosan significantly decreased the absorption rate of calcium by increasing the excretion in feces (p<0.05). These results suggest that cadmium administration may facilitate the decline of essential minerals in rats and also, chitosan may have a conflicting effect between cadmium and the essential minerals of tissues.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
• /
• v.28 no.5
• /
• pp.415-425
• /
• 1995

This study was performed to investigate the effect of dietary protein level on the metabolic changes of Ca and skeletons in postmenopausal women, using ovariecotomized rats as an animal model. The female rats of 200∼250g were fed either 8%(L) or 50%(H) casein diet for 15 weeks(1st experiment). At 15th week, the rats of each diet group were undergone ovariectomy or sham-operation and they were continued to feed the same experimantal diet for 9 more months(2nd experiment). Ca metabolism, kidney function and bone composition were determined at the end of 1st experiment, 3rd and 9th month of 2nd experiment. After 1st experiment, high protein group showed higher urinary Ca and protein excretion, however, there was no difference in GFR and urinary hydroxyproline excretion. The weights, ash and Ca content of femur, scapular and vertebra tended to be higher in high protein groups which tells that high protein promoted skeletal growth. In 2nd experiment, high protein group showed higher urinary Ca and protein excretion and lower Ca absorption and balance. GFR was not affected by dietary protein and ovariectomy but increased with time, as well as kidney weight which shows the continuous development of kidney at this age of 15 month in rats. There were no difference in urinary hydroxyproline, serum ALP, and PTH among experimental groups. The weights of femur, scapular, 4th vertebra increased with time, showing the skeleton continues to grow at this age in rats. However, Ca contents, Ca/wt, Ca/ash were decreased with time and tended to be lower in high protein group especially in femur. In conclusion, prolonged feeding of high protein diet deteriorated Ca metabolism and induced bone loss as time after menopause is extended.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.154-158
• /
• 2003

Collagen is a family of proteins which consists of several genetically distinct molecular species and is intimately involved in tissue organization, function, differentiation and development. The purpose of this study was to investigate the concentration of different hydroxyproline (Hyp) fractions viz., total, free, peptide-bound, protein-bound, soluble- and insoluble-collagen hydroxyproline (Hyp) in various bovine tissues. Results showed that liver had the highest concentration of free Hyp followed by kidney, brain, spleen, lungs, muscle and heart. Liver also had the highest concentration of peptide-bound collagen Hyp followed by kidney, heart, spleen, lungs, brain and muscle. The concentration of protein-bound collagen Hyp was highest in the liver, followed by kidney, spleen, lungs, muscle, brain and heart. Total Hyp was highest in the liver, followed by kidney, spleen, brain, heart, muscle and lungs. Liver also had significantly high concentration of collagen as compared to other tissues examined (P<0.001). Spleen had the significantly higher concentration of soluble-collagen Hyp when compared to other tissues (P<0.001). This was followed by heart, muscle, lungs, brain, kidney and liver. Heart had the highest concentration of insoluble-collagen Hyp followed by lungs, kidney, liver, muscle, spleen and brain. The variation among the insoluble-collagen Hyp concentration of heart and muscle, spleen and brain was significant (P<0.001). We speculate that these differences could be due to the variation in turn over of rate of collagen metabolism in this species.