• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.377-382
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• 2006

This study was performed to evaluate the effect of the herbal extract mixture of Cnidium officinale, Petasites japonicus and Coptis chinensis (CPC) on the lipids metabolism in mice with tyloxapol. ICR mice weighing between 30-40 g were divided into four groups: normal group, 600mg/kg tyloxapol injected group, $50\;{\mu}g/g$ CPC treated group 6h after tyloxapol injection (SAM1), and tyloxapol and CPC treated group (SAM2), respectively. Tyloxapol or CPC was injected intraperitoneally. Tyloxapol caused an elevation of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides(TG), and LDL-cholesterol and a decrease of HDL-cholesterol. In addition, tyloxapol induced accumulation of lipid including cholesterol in both the liver and kidney. Serum levels of TC, TG and LDL-cholesterol were decreased whereas HDL-cholesterol was increased by CPC. CPC increased in HDL-cholesterol /total cholesterol ratio and lowered atherogenic index. The levels of TC, TG and LDL-cholesterol by CPC were rather lower in SAM2 than SAM1. CPC also inhibited lowering HDL-cholesterol by tyloxapol. CPC reduced lipid blots and cholesterol particles in both the deposition and size in the liver and kidney with tyloxapol. These results suggest that CPC might be expected to be beneficial for protection and treatment of hyperlipidemia by the disturbance of lipid metabolism.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.463-467
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• 1995

In vitro metabolism study of ${\alpha}$-endosulfan by liver and kidney microsomal cytochrome P-450 monooxygenase system of the mouse(Balb/C) was performed. ${\alpha}$-Endosulfan was metabolized to endosulfan lactone(EL), endosulfan hydroxyether(EHE), endosulfan alcohol(EA), endosulfan sulfate(ES), endosulfan ether(EE) and ${\beta}$-endosulfan(${\beta}$-E). The main metabolites of ${\alpha}$-endosulfan were EL(13.2%) and EA(11.5%) in liver microsome and EA(17.4%) md EHE(19.3%) in kidney microsome. The $^{14}C$-activity of organic extractable fraction and water soluble fraction were 63.4% and 31.7% in liver micosome incubates respectively. The water soluble metabolites were EA(83.9%), EHE(4.5%) and ES(2.3). Piperonyl butoxide treatment inhibited the formation of EE by 86%, EA by 92% and EHE, EL and ES were barely formed.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.98-105
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• 2010

A total of 16 crossbred post-weaning pigs (10.64${\pm}$0.27 kg BW) were individually penned and assigned to one of two treatments to investigate the influences of diquat-induced oxidative stress on performance and arginine metabolism. Pigs in the oxidative stress group were injected intra-peritoneally with 10 mg/kg BW of diquat, while the control group were injected with isotonic saline. All pigs were fed ad libitum. The experiment lasted for 7 days. The results indicated that compared with control treatment, oxidative stress induced by diquat significantly decreased average daily gain, intake and feed conversion. The treatment decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes, increased concentration of malondialdehyde in plasma, increased cationic amino acid transporter-1 mRNA level and activity of ornithine aminotransferase and concentrations of arginine and citrulline in the jejunum, decreased the concentrations of arginine in plasma and kidney, and decreased induced nitric oxide synthase mRNA level. It is concluded that oxidative stress induced by diquat can influence absorption and metabolism of arginine and consequently modify the requirement of arginine for post-weaning pigs.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.229-243
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• 1997

This study was performed to investigate the effects of dietary fibers from tangerine peels on lipid and cadmium metabolism. And effects were compared with those of commercial dietary fibers($\alpha$-cellulose, citrus pectin). Sixty male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain weighing 186.7$\pm$2.6g were blocked into 12 groups according to body weight, and were raised for 2 weeks. Cadmium chloride was given at the levels of 0 of 400 ppm in diet. Various dietary fibers were given at the level of 0 or 4%(w/w) of diet. The results are summarized as follow. In lipid metabolism, insoluble fibers[insoluble dietary fibers from tangerine peels(IDE), $\alpha$-celluolse] increased fecal excretion of lipids by inhcreasing feces weight, and decreased the concentrations of serum triglyceride and liver lipids. Soluble dietary fibers from tangerine peels(SDF) decreased the concentrations of serum cholesterol and liver lipids by increasing fecal lipids, too. In cadmium metabolism, soluble fivers(SDF, pectin) inhibited Cd absorption by increasing fecal Cd excretion and decreased Cd concentrations of intestion, liver and kidney. In conclusion, among the extracted fibers, SDF were more effective on lipid and Cd lowering activity and IDF had effect of increasing fecal lipid excretion. This result is useful to reduce food waste and utilize waste products.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.605-613
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• 1997

This study was to investigate interaction between dietary protein and Ca levels in Ca metabolism and renal function in osteporosis rats. Five week-old female rats were fed a low Ca diet for 4 weeks after ovariectomy operation to establish rat models of osteoporosis. The ovariectomized osteoporosis rats were divided into six groups and were fed experimental diets which contained two levels of protein, normal (20%) and high(40%) , and three levels of Ca, low (0.06%), normal (0.47%) and high(0.94%) for 4 weeks , respectively. The ovaricetmized rat model of osteoporosis showed a remarkable decrease in serum Ca concentration, fresh weight and breaking force of femur, Ca and P contents of femur, and apparent absorption and retention of Ca. The supplementations of Ca and P contents of femur, and apparent absorption and retention of Ca. The supplementations of Ca at the dietary levels of normal and high levels significantly enhanced Ca bioavailability shown in the above experimental rat models of osteoporosis, regardless of dietary protein levels ; whereas the rats which were fed the low Ca diet demonstrated rather a decrease in its bioavailability. Irrespectively of the dietary Ca levels, the rats which were fed high protein diet exhibited an increase in kidney weight, urinary Ca, volume and hydroxyproline, and glomerular filtration ratio(GFR). The results show that dietary protein and calcium levels affect the renal function and Ca metabolism independently, while the interaction between protein and calcium have not been shown.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.1330-1336
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the motor activity and glucose transport and metabolism of Gaewool-Whadam-Jian(GWJ) in rat gastro-intestinal tract. The motor activity of the rat gastro-intestinal tract has been investigated by means of measuring barium sulfate passage degrees. Atropine treatment significantly delayed barium sulfate transit, and GWJ pretreatment increased intestinal motor activity, but not significant. GWJ administration showed no toxicity to kidney and liver. Transport and metabolism of glucose were studied in everted sac of rat small intestine with incubation under several conditions. The transport and metabolism of glucose were greater at jejunum than ileum. So, everted jejunum of rat were used to study the effect of GWJ. When GWJ were treated, the concentration of glucose were higher than untreated group. This result was thought to be influenced by the glucose in GWJ. When 2, 4 dinitrophenol and phlorizin were treated, the transport and metabolism of glucose were decreased, but GWJ treated together, the concentration of glucose in serosal solution increased. Gastric juice secretion and total acidity significantly decreased by administration of GWJ through duodenum region. The mechanism of effect of GWJ was still unidentified, Dut through continuous investigation, the effect of GWJ should be investigated.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

Sodium retention is a hallmark of nephrotic syndrome. We investigated whether sodium retention is associated with changes of natriuretic peptide system at different stages (i.e., a sodium retaining stage and a compensatory stage) of nephrotic syndrome. At day 7 after PAN(puromycin aminonucleoside) injection, the urinary excretion of sodium was decreased, along with the development of ascites and positive sodium balance. The plasma and urinary ANP(atrial natriuretic peptide) immunoreactivities were increased. ANP mRNA expression was increased in the heart and kidney, whereas that of NPR(natriuretic peptide receptor)-A and NPR-C mRNA was decreased in the kidney. The expression of NEP was decreased in the kidney. At day 14, urinary excretion of sodium did not differ from the control. The plasma ANP level and heart ANP mRNA expression returned to their control values. The expression of ANP mRNA in the kidney was increased in association with increased urinary ANP immunoreactivities. The expression of NPR-A in the kidney became normal, whereas that of NPR-C kept decreased. The expression of NEP(neutral endopeptidase) remained decreased. These findings suggest that the increased renal ANP synthesis in association with decreased metabolism via NEP and NPR-C may play a compensatory role against the development of sodium retention in nephrotic syndrome. The decreased of NPR-A expression in the kidney may contribute to the ANP resistance at day 7. The subsequent recovery of NPR-A expression may play a role in promoting sodium excretion in later stage(at day 14).

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.17-23
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• 1969

Oxygen consumption rate $(QO_2)$ and protein content of liver and kidney of the Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing mouse were measured from 6th till 14th day after the inoculation of $4{\times}10^6$ Ehrlich ascites tumor cells. The results thus obtained were compared with those of the groups in which; 1) Whole body x-irradiation with 400 r was done to mouse prior to the inoculation of $4{\times}10^6$ Ehrlich ascites tumor cells, 2) Same number of the irradiated tumor cells were inoculated after subjecting the tumor cells to x-irradiation with 400 r or 900 r in vitro, and 3) the normal, and the following results were obtained; 1. $QO_2$ of the liver and kidney of the tumor-bearing mouse were all lower than the normal and a gradual decrease of $QO_2$ in both liver and kidney was noted as the ascites tumor was progressively developing. 2. In the groups where whole body x-irradiation with 400 r was done, or x-irradiation of ascites tumor cells in vitro with either 400 r or 900 r, $QO_2$ of the liver and kidney were lower than the normal, and the pattern of the decrease was similar in the case of the tumor-bearing mouse. 3. Protein contents in all the groups showed lower values than the normal, and the decrease was gradual as the ascites tumor was developing. 4. $QO_2$ and protein levels in the liver were generally lower than those in the kidney. 5. A certain cancerous metabolism was, therefore, noted in the remote organs of Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing animal.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.314-320
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• 2020

Background: A diabetic foot is the most common cause of non-traumatic lower extremity amputations (LEA). The study seeks to assess the risk factors of amputation in patients with diabetic foot ulcers (DFU). Methods: The study was conducted on 351 patients with DFUs from January 2010 to December 2018. Their demographic characteristics, disease history, laboratory data, ankle-brachial index, Wagner classification, osteomyelitis, sarcopenia index, and ulcer sizes were considered as variables to predict outcome. A chi-square test and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to test the relationship of the data gathered. Additionally, the subjects were divided into two groups based on their amputation surgery. Results: Out of the 351 subjects, 170 required LEA. The mean age of the subjects was 61 years and the mean duration of diabetes was 15 years; there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of these averages. Osteomyelitis (hazard ratio [HR], 6.164; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.561-10.671), lesion on percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (HR, 2.494; 95% CI, 1.087-5.721), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; HR, 0.99; 95% CI, 0.981-0.999), ulcer size (HR, 1.247; 95% CI, 1.107-1.405), and forefoot ulcer location (HR, 2.475; 95% CI, 0.224-0.73) were associated with risk of amputation. Conclusion: Osteomyelitis, peripheral artery disease, chronic kidney disease, ulcer size, and forefoot ulcer location were risk factors for amputation in diabetic foot patients. Further investigation would contribute to the establishment of a diabetic foot risk stratification system for Koreans, allowing for optimal individualized treatment.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.243-248
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• 2008

In the present study, we investigated activity change of sphingomyelin anabolic enzymes such as sphingomyelin synthase and ceramide synthase. Sprague-Dawley male rats treated with 10 mg/kg of DMN intraperitoneally were used as a hepatic fibrosis model. Sphingomyelin synthase and ceramide synthase activities were measured in 1-week, 2-week, 3-week and 4-week DMN-treated rats along with respective control group rats. We found the increased sphingomyelin synthase activity in 4-week DMN-treated liver but not in kidney. Ceramide synthase activity was significantly increased in DMN-treated kidney after 2-week treatment and in DMN-treated liver after 3-week treatment. Although further investigation is necessary to elucidate meanings of sphingolipid metabolites during the liver fibrosis, activity change of sphingolipid anabolic enzymes may imply that sphingolipid metabolism and sphingolipid metabolites could be involved in liver fibrosis especially under oxidative stress.