• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.15-21
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• 2004

The immunomodulating activities and chemical characteristics of a water-soluble exopolymer from submerged mycelial culture of Phellinus pini were studied. Anticomplementary activity of this polymer was found to be $73.2\%$, and its activation system occurred through both classical and alternative pathways, where the classical pathway was detected to be the major one by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Nitric oxide (NO) release ability and acid phosphatase activity of macrophage were increased by 1.6-fold ($100{\mu}g/ml$) and 3.4-fold ($500{\mu}g/ml$), respectively, and splenocyte proliferation in mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) was also increased by 2.6-fold ($200{\mu}g/ml$), compared to the control. The molecular weight of this polymer, determined by HPLC, was under 5 kDa. Total sugar and protein contents were 89.7 and 10.3%, respectively. Both sugar and amino acid compositions of the exopolymer were also analyzed.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.163-166
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• 2009

Among benign proliferation of the urinary bladder, polypoid cystitis is a rare disease in dogs. It is characterized by epithelial proliferation, chronic inflammation in lamina propria, and development of a polypoid mass or masses without evidence of neoplasia. This report describes histopathologic features of polypoid cystitis in dog. A 10-year-old spayed female shihtzu-dog was presented with two-month history of hematuria. Abdominal ultrasonography confirmed the thickened bladder wall and calculi in both kidneys. Surgical biopsy sample was taken from the thickened bladder mucosa for the histopathologic examination. The mass was covered with irregular hyperplastic transitional epithelium with the projection into the lumen in multifocal areas as well as many Brunn's nests in lamina propria. Many inflammatory cells such as lymphocyte, plasma cell, and macrophage and few neutrophils were occupied in lamina propria and submucosa. Proliferated fibrous tissues in lamina propria were clarified by using special staining methods. These collagens were stained blue with Masson's trichrome and red with van Gieson, but negative for alcian blue. Based on the clinical, gross, and histopathologic examinations, this case was diagnosed as polypoid cystitis in a dog. In our best knowledge, this is the first report of polypoid cystitis in dog in Korea.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.476-481
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• 2007

A polymorphic fungus, Candida albicans, causes various forms of infections such as disseminated candidiasis and vaginitis. Recent reports indicate that the fungus is a main etiological agent for the arthritis. In search of new sources for treatment of the fungal arthritis, we examined $18{\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid ($18{\beta}$-GA) against C. albicans-caused septic arthritis. The compound is isolated from Glycyrrhizae Radix that is known to have various immunomodulating activities and is one of the most popular herbal medicines. For induction of animal model of a septic arthritis, mice were given an emulsion form of C. albicans cell wall mixed with Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA) via footpad-injection. To determine prophylactic and therapeutic effects, the component was given to the animals before or after the induction of the arthritis, respectively. Data showed that intraperitoneal administration of $18{\beta}$-GA resulted in reduction of the inflammation, indicating the component had both prophylactic and therapeutic activities. For investigation of mechanism of the $18{\beta}$-GA, inhibitory effects on NO (nitiric oxide) and on T-lymphocyte proliferation were determined. Results demonstrated that $18{\beta}$-GA suppressed NO production from LPS (lipopolysaccharide)-treated macrophages and also inhibited proliferation of Con A (concanavalin A)activated T-cells. Taken together, $18{\beta}$-GA, a pentacyclic triterpene, has anti-arthritic activity against C. albicans-caused septic arthritis, possibly by blocking NO production and T-cell suppression.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.16-24
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• 2013

CTLA-4Ig is regarded as an inhibitory agent of the T cell proliferation via blocking the costimulatory signal which is essential for full T cell activation. To improve applicability, we developed the CTLA-4Ig-CTKC in which the c-terminal lysine had been replaced by cysteine through single amino acid change. The single amino acid mutation of c-terminus of CTLA-4Ig was performed by PCR and was checked by in vitro transcription and translation. DNA construct of mutant form was transfected to Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells by electroporation. The purified proteins were confirmed by Western blot and B7-1 binding assay for their binding ability. The suppressive capacity of CTLA-4Ig-CTKC was evaluated by the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR) and in the allogeneic pancreatic islet transplantation model. CTLA-4Ig-CTKC maintained binding ability to B7-1 molecule and effectively inhibits T cell proliferation in MLR. In the murine allogeneic pancreatic islet transplantation, short-term treatment of CTLA-4Ig-CTKC prolonged the graft survival over 100 days. CTLA-4Ig-CTKC effectively inhibits immune response both in MLR and in allogeneic islet transplantation model, indicating that single amino acid mutation does not affect the inhibitory function of CTLA-4Ig. CTLA-4Ig-CTKC can be used in vehicle-mediated drug delivery system such as liposome conjugation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1194-1199
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• 1997

The effect of hot taste preference on selected immune responses was investigated in human peripheral immunocompetent cells. Human lymphocytes and natural killer(NK) cells were prepared at a concentration of 2$\times$$10^{6}$ cells/ml in RPMI-1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum. Lymphocytes proliferation was determined with the [$^{3}H$]-thymidine pulse for 18hrs after concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, Salmonella typhimurium mitogen, or media alone. NK cell activity was measured by cytolysis of $^51Cr$-labeled target cells K562. Serum antibodies levels such as IgM, IgG, IgA were also measured by ELISA method. There was no difference of serum IgM level among the groups, but IgG and IgA levels were greater in the group with hot taste preference than those of the group without hot taste preference. In lymphocytes of the group with hot taste preference there was a greater mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferative responses compared to the group without hot taste preference. In addition, NK cell activity in group with hot taste preference was lower than that of the group without hot taste preference. These results suggest that the eating habit of spicy food containing hot components may affect immune status by modulating selective immunocompetent cells function.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.244-253
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• 2006

Effects of chrysene on immune functions were studied in female BALB/c mice. When mice were treated po with chrysene for 7 consecutive days, the antibody response was suppressed dose-dependently. Chrysene induced the enzyme activities of CYP LA and 2B time- and dose-dependently. In ex vivo lymphocyte proliferation, chrysene inhibited splenocyte proliferation by LPS and Con A. Moreover, the numbers of $CD4^+IL-2^+$ cells were reduced by chrysene. In conclusion, chrysene-induced immunotoxicity might be mediated, at least in part, via IL-2 production, and caused by mechanisms associated with metabolic activation.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.381-388
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• 2000

Using a murine T cell hybridoma, activation-induced cell death (AICD) was studied. As an in vitro model system for the AICD, 1 cell hybridoma expressing TCR/CD3 complex was incubated onto the immobilized purified anti-CD3 antibody. The immobilized anti-CD3 antibody induced AICD effectively up to 40%. At 1-100 $\mu$M range of SNP, an exogenous source of nitric oxide (NO), the cell proliferation was not affected, but at 1 mM SNP, cell proliferation was significantly reduced. The AICD of T cell hybridoma was inhibited by exogenous NO at non-cytotoxic concentration, In the cells undergoing AICD, the expressions of caspase-3 and FasL were detected, but not iNOS. Similar result was recognized in the apoptosis induced by dexamethasone, an apoptosis-inducing agent. However, the conversion from the inactive form of caspase-3 (32 kDa) to the active form (17 kDa) was significantly reduced in the cells in AICD induced by anti-CD3 antibody, With the result of increased PARP cleavage in the cells, we propose that another PARP cleavage pathway not involving caspase-3 may function in the anti-CD3 antibody induced AICD in the T cell hybridoma.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.167-174
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• 1996

Alcoholics increased susceptibility to microbial infection that is associated with decreased immunity. but there has been little experimental evidence to support alcoholics-induced increase of microbial infection directly in non-specific immunity. Therefore, we were used the method of phagocytic-plaque including all the stimulating factors for the phagocytosis, subtypes of lymphocytes and T-lymphocyte proliferation. The experimental groups were divided into 3 groups: (1) alcoholics who were hospitalized less than 1 week (newly hospitalized alcoholics), (2) alcoholics who were hospitalized more than 2 weeks (old hospitalized alcoholics), (3) healthy blood donors. We have studied 98 alcoholics and 35 healthy blood donors and control groups. A physician has checked the biological markers and diagnosed the body-condition alcoholics. The immunity and non-specific immunity on the alcoholics were analyzed by using the simultest kit and flow cytometry. Proliferation of the lymphocytes was analyzed by the phytohemmagglutinine mitogen. Phagocytosis and migration properties of leukocytes were identified on the layer formed by Staphylococcus aureus Cowan I strain. Biological markers of alcoholics and control groups, by such as blood glucose, ${\gamma}$-glutamyl transpeptidase and mean corpuscular volumes of red blood cells, were determined by biochemical and hematological methods. Compared with control groups, cluster of differentiation (CD)3+, CD8+ and CD19+ in alcoholic were more decreased except CD4+/CD8+ ratio. Proliferation of the T-lymphocytes, phagocytosis and migration properties of the leukocytes in alcoholics were decreased compared with those of control groups. According to the results observed in our experiment, they can be summerized as follows: 1, Cellular, humoral and non-specific immunities, are markedly decreased in alcoholics than those in control groups. 2. It is inferred that Phagocytic plaque formation is a very useful method to evaluate phagocytosis and migration properties of the alcoholic leukocytes 3. It is thought that the subtypes of lymphocytes, especially CD4+/CD8+ ratio, are essential methods to analyzed the alcoholic immunity. 4. Specific and non-specific immunity on the old hospitalized alcoholics was slightly increased, which depends upon the alcoholic medication.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2008

Objectives : The present study was to investigate the effect of extract of Chelidonii herba (ECH) on the proliferation and activation of eosinophils which were prepared from lung cells of asthma-induced mouse by ovalbumin (OVA) treatment. Methods : C57BL/6 mouse was exposed to OVA three times a week for 6 weeks. The mouse lung tissues were dissected out, chopped and dossiciated with collagenase (1 ${\mu}g$/ml). Eosinophils were activated by rIL-3/rmIL-5 co-treatments. The lung cells were treated with ECH, incubated for 48 hr at $37^{\circ}C$, and analyzed by flow cytometery, ELISA, RT-PCR, and immuno-histochemical analysis. Results : In FACS analysis, number of granulocyte/lymphocyte, $CD3e^-$/$CCR3^+$, $CD3e^+$/$CD69^+$, $CD4^+$ and $CD23^+$/$B220^+$ in asthma-induced lung cells were significantly decreased by ECH treatment compared to the control group. And mRNA expression for IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, CCR3 and eotaxin in asthma-induced lung cells, which was induced by rIL-3 plus rmIL-5 treatments, was significantly decreased by ECH treatment. In ELISA analysis, production levels of IL-3, IL-5, IL-13 and histamine in asthma-induced lung cells, which were induced by rIL-3 plus rmIL-5 co-treatment, were significantly decreased by ECH treatment. ECH treatments significantly inhibited the proliferation of eosinohils prepared from asthma-induced mouse lung tissues compared to the non-ECH treated control cells. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that ECH treatment significantly decreased the levels of eosipnphil activation compared to non-treated cells. Conclusions : The present data suggested that Chelidonium majus L. may have an effect on the inhibition of parameters associated with asthma responses in eosinpophils, and thus implicate the possibility for the clinical application of Chelidonium majus L.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.182-187
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• 2015

Zerumbone is a major component of the essential oils of Zingiber zerumbet Smith and is known to have a number of effects on the functions of various cells, including immune cells. Many reports present the zerumbone's functions in various biological environments including cancer and inflammation. In this report, using a transwell system, we confirmed that zerumbone decreased the stromal cell-driven factor-$1{\alpha}$ (SDF-$1{\alpha}$), induced migration of Jurkat cells; about a 25% decrease in the case of 100 ng/mL SDF-$1{\alpha}$ treatment, 17% decrease in the case of 200 ng/mL. Whereas, no significant changes of basic cellular proliferation were observed after zerumbone treatment. These results are novel and promising functions of zerumbone on T cell physiology. At the same time, there is a great need to confirm the results using more physiological T cells and to proceed with cellular and biochemical mechanism studies, measuring apoptosis, CXCR4 expression and phosphorylation of ZAP-70 and Erk1/2.