• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2008

Objectives : The aim of this study was to examine the effects of maternal sociodemographic characteristics, especially education and employment, and parenting stress on the child's self-concept. Attention was also paid to the mediating impact of parenting style on the relationship between the maternal variables and a child's self-concept. Methods : A questionnaire and three scales were completed by fifth graders and their mothers, and 270 sets of paired data were analyzed. Results : The results showed that mothers with higher education experienced less child-related parenting stress, were perceived to be more achievement-oriented and rational by their children, and also had children with more positive self-concept. The relationship between maternal education and child's self-concept was mediated by the rationality dimension of parenting style. Maternal employment was not related to parenting stress, parenting style and most aspects of the child's self-concept. Lastly, child-related parenting stress had a negative effect on the child's self-concept, and this effect was mediated by the warmth and rationality dimensions of parenting style. Conclusion : Parenting style had a mediating effect on the relationships between the child's self-concept and maternal education and child-related parenting stress.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.21-41
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• 2017

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effects of mothers' and children's emotional instability and maternal affectionate-rational parenting on children's attributional style. Methods: The participants of this study were 253 4th, 5th and 6th grade elementary school students and their mothers in Seoul and Incheon. Data were analyzed by path analysis using AMOS 21.0. Results: The results were as follows: First, children's attributional style for negative and positive events was significantly related to children's emotional instability and maternal affectionate-rational parenting. Also, mothers' and children's emotional instability was significantly associated with affectionate-rational parenting. Second, mothers' emotional instability had indirect effects on children's attributional style for negative and positive events through maternal affectionate-rational parenting. Finally, children's emotional instability had not only significant effects on children's attributional style for positive achievement events, but also indirect effects on children's attributional style for negative and positive events through maternal affectionate-rational parenting. Conclusion/Implications: The results of this study suggest that both environmental and individual factors, including mothers'and children's emotional instability and maternal affectionate-rational parenting, need to be considered to explain children's attributional style. Also, these findings have implications for developing intervention programs for children's attributional style and parental education.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.77-96
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationships among mother's psychological characteristics(self-esteem, self-efficacy, and depression), parenting related factors(maternal parenting stress and mother's knowledge on infant development), maternal parenting style, and two-year-old infants' development. The participants consisted of 1735 mothers and their two-year old infants selected from a sample of the 3rd Panel Study of Korean Children(PSKC) by the Korea Institute of Child Care and Education(KICCE), conducted in 2010. Data were analyzed by means of a Structural Equation Model(SEM) to identify the structure and relationships among the various factors. The significance of direct and indirect effects to test the mediating effect of maternal parenting style were identified via bootstrapping. The results indicated that maternal parenting style most definitely mediated the relationship among the mother's psychological characteristics(self-esteem and self-efficacy), parenting related factors(maternal parenting stress and mother's knowledge on Infant development) and the development of their two-year-old infants.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.403-412
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to explore the general tendencies of maternal parenting stress, coping style, marital satisfaction and preschool children's withdrawal behavior as well as to investigate the effects of maternal parenting stress, coping style, and marital satisfaction on preschool children's withdrawal behavior. The participants involved 86 mothers of preschoolers and their teachers from one day care center and two kindergartens in Seoul and Gyeong-gi province. Maternal parenting stress, coping style and marital satisfaction were assessed by the mothers' self-reports, whereas the preschool children's withdrawal behavior was assessed by the teacher's report. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, t-test and multiple regressions. The collected data was analyzed by SPSS ver. 15.0. The major findings were summarized as follows: There were no differences between maternal parenting stress, coping style and marital satisfaction between mothers of boys and girls. Further, there were differences in preschool children's withdrawal behavior between boys and girls; girls showed more withdrawal behaviors than boys. Typical stress due to parenting, outsider's help coping style and marital satisfaction explained the withdrawal behavior of preschool children. As the level of typical stress increase in mothers, preschool children showed increased withdrawal behavior. Moreover, as mothers used fewer outsider's help coping style and had lower marital satisfaction, their preschool children's showed increased withdrawal behavior. In conclusion, maternal parenting stress, coping style and marital satisfaction significantly influence on preschool children's withdrawal behavior.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.431-444
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• 2019

This study explored the longitudinal developmental paths of preschooler's external problem behaviors from infancy. Subjects consisted of 205 preschoolers (106 boys, 99 girls aged 4) and their mothers recruited for the 2009 in-depth Panel Study on Korean Children. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, correlations, and structural equation modeling using SPSS 18.0 (SPSS Co., Chicago, IL, USA), Amos 18.0 (SPSS Co., Chicago, IL, USA). The results were as follows: Maternal depression at preschooler's age 0 had a direct effect on maternal social parenting style at preschooler's age 0. Maternal social parenting style at preschooler's age 0 had a direct effect on preschooler's effortful control at age 1. Preschooler's effortful control at age 1 had a direct effect on preschooler's external problem behaviors at age 4. Marital conflict at preschooler's age 0 did not have a direct effect on preschooler's effortful control at age 1. The direct effects of maternal depression at preschooler's age 0 on preschooler's effortful control at age 1, and on preschooler's external problem behaviors at age 4 were not significant. In addition, direct effect of maternal social parenting style at preschooler's age 0 on preschooler's external problem behaviors at age 4 was not significant. This study showed that maternal psychological characteristics, marital conflict, maternal social parenting style and preschooler's effortful control in infancy should be considered simultaneously to explain the effect on preschooler's external problem behaviors.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.309-316
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• 2021

Purpose: This study aimed to comprehensively explore the associations of socioeconomic status, parenting style, and grit with children's health behaviors. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 1,040 parents and their children using data from the 2018 Korean Children's Panel Survey. Socioeconomic status was measured in terms of household income and subjective socioeconomic status. Parenting style and grit and were measured using 62 and 8 items, respectively. Health behaviors were measured by assessing healthy eating habits, physical activity, and sedentary behavior. Results: Higher household income (β=.07, p=.018) and high maternal levels of an authoritative parenting style (β=.20, p<.001) were associated with higher compliance with healthy eating habits among children. Higher grit was associated with a higher number of weekly physical activity days (β=.08, p=.028) and sedentary behavior for <2 hours (odds ratio [OR]=1.04, 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.01-1.07) in children. A maternal permissive parenting style was associated with sedentary behavior for >2 hours on weekdays (OR=0.43, 95% CI=0.27-0.69). Conclusion: We suggest that when planning interventions to improve children's health behavior, it is essential to adopt a multifaceted approach that avoids practicing a maternal permissive parenting style, promotes an authoritative parenting style, and incorporates strategies to increase children's grit.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.97-111
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• 2008

A total of 31 mothers of 5-month-old infants(18 boys and 13 girls) were observed and interviewed at home via a questionnaire format. Results revealed that perceived maternal parenting style had an effect on general infant general development. As mother exhibited more didactic and limit setting behaviors, the infants showed more receptive, expressive, and language development characteristics. Furthermore, the effects of maternal sensitivity on infant general development and language skills were also ascertained. The infants who showed more positive general development had mothers who interacted sensitively with them. Maternal sensitivity was the only factor that had a major effect on infant general development. The overall findings of this study indicate that perceived maternal parenting style and observed maternal sensitivity were found to have positive effects on general infant general development and language skills.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.229-242
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• 2009

This study investigates how bioecological variables affect the child's multiple intelligence through independent and interactional ways. The subjects of this study were 147 pairs of 5-year-old children and their mothers, and the Project Spectrum was employed to measure multiple intelligences. Each mothers was asked to answer a questionnaire on her child's temperament, her maternal parenting style, 'goodness of fit' and 'the fit of child's intelligence'. Data were analyzed using a factor analysis and a hierarchical multiple regression with SPSS WIN 15.0. The main findings were as followings; First, 'the goodness of fit' to the child's temperament moderated the effect of a maternal parenting style that would foster child's dependency on the mathematical intelligence through interaction. 'The fit of child's intelligence' also moderated the effect of maternal positive parenting style to the child's mathematical intelligence. Second, in language intelligence, girls were more verbally intelligent than boys. In that regard, because the sex variable entails a combination of both inherent attribute and social-cultural effects, that result can be interpreted as an interaction between the individual and the environment. Lastly, a maternal parenting style that would foster child's dependency moderated the effect of the child's regular temperament on interpersonal intelligence. This means that the child's regular temperament can be a protective factor for the negative effect of a maternal parenting style that would foster child's dependency This study suggests that interactional factors such as 'goodness of fit' should be considered in studies involving children.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2019

Objectives: We aimed to compare the differences in parenting stress, parenting attitudes, and parents' mental health between different adult attachment styles. Methods: Forty-four parents who completed a parental education program were enrolled in our study. They completed the Korean version of the Experience of Close Relationship Revised, Korean-Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Maternal Behavior Research Instrument, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Results: The avoidant attachment score positively correlated with parenting stress. The anxious attachment score showed a positive relationship with parenting stress, hostile parenting attitude, and psychopathology, but a negative association with an affectionate parenting attitude. The secure attachment group exhibited a more autonomous, affectionate parenting style and a less hostile parenting attitude and less parenting stress than the insecure attachment group. Dismissing-avoidant attachment parents reported significantly higher parenting stress scores than secure attachment parents. Preoccupied and fearful-avoidant attachment parents displayed a more hostile parenting style than secure attachment parents. Dismissing-avoidant and preoccupied parents reported a less affectionate parenting attitude than secure attachment parents. Conclusion: There were differences in parenting stress, parenting attitudes, and parents' mental health depending on the adult attachment style. More specific education and interventions based on parental attachment type are necessary for parents.

• Child Studies in Asia-Pacific Contexts
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.27-45
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• 2014

The present study investigated the developmental pattern of Korean mothers' depressive symptoms from a week prior to birth through four months postpartum in a nationally represented survey sample in Korea, using a Latent Growth Curve model. Mother-reported four factors-maternal self-efficacy in parenting, father's participation in childcare, a number of hours mothers worked per week, child's emotional temperament-were examined as the predictors of depressive symptoms over time in the context of Korean culture. Effects of maternal depressive trajectories on their infants' developmental outcomes at the first year were also examined. Findings were as follows: First, mothers' reports of depressive symptoms decreased at the first month after birth and then increased again during the first 4 months postpartum. Second, mothers' perceived low spousal involvement in childcare, low parental self-efficacy, and their infants' difficult temperament at four-month old had significantly positive relations to the initial level of maternal depressive symptoms whereas the low spousal involvement in childcare and low maternal self-efficacy factors significantly predicted the changes of trajectories of maternal depressive symptoms. Third, the trajectories, in turn, predicted warm and responsive maternal parenting style at the fourth month. Subsequently, the parenting style had a significant longitudinal impact on the development of children's communication, problem-solving, and personal-social abilities. Based on these findings, awareness, preventive and interventional programs might be built to facilitate Korean mothers suffering severe postpartum depressive symptoms and further promote optimal early development of Korean children.