• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.91-100
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• 2006

Objectives : The Comparative Study Of The Eight Extra Meridians And The Primitive Meridians Will Improve The Understanding Of The Relationship Between Meridians And The Eight Extra Meridians, Which Ultimately Will illuminate The Origins Of Meridians. Methods Books From The Pre-Han And Han Dynasty, As Well As Publications Concerning Meridians And The Eight Extra Meridians Were Utilized. Results : Pathways Of The Eight Extra Meridians And The Primitive Meridians Travel Independently Without Connection With Other Meridians, And Have No Obvious Link With The Five Vital Organs And The Six Viscera. Additionally, The Terminology Of Both Meridians Is Similar, And Travel From Bottom To Top. Conclusion : The Eight Extra Meridians Have Several Similarities With The Primitive Meridians. Therefore, The Eight Extra Meridians May Be An Important Area To Investigate In The Future.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to inquire clinical meaning and characteristic of Eight extra meridians(奇經八脈) by researching building and progression of Eight extra meridians theory. Results : As a result of research of building and progression of Eight extra meridians(奇經八脈) theory, we can regard that the origin of Eight extra meridians was based on lower Danjeon(丹田) which was the root of Primordial energy and the origin of the Twelve meridians and collaterals(十二經脈) was based on Middle energizer which was the root of Acquired energy. On this, we could know that Eight extra meridians and the Twelve meridians and collaterals are based on Primordial energy and Acquired energy and function of Eight extra meridians and the Twelve meridians and collaterals are complement each other. So, we can say that considering the Twelve meridians and collaterals means that is valued on Acquired energy clinically, and considering Eight extra meridians means that is valued on Primordial energy in health preserving method (養生).

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.71-87
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• 2013

Subject : The physiological characteristic of Eight Extra Meridians. Objective : This study research physiological characteristic of Eight Extra Meridians that differentiate from the physiological characteristic of Twelve Regular Meridians. Method : First, we researched the meaning of "There are Eight Extra Meridians and they don't be arrested by Twelve Regular Meridians" in Nanjing 27Nan compared with the contents of regular Meridians circulation in Huangdineijing. Second, we studied on the origin of Eight Extra Meridians and researched their route. Third, from these researches we drew some physiological characteristics of Eight Extra Meridians. Conclusion : In Huangdineijing, the regular Meridians circulation include the route of Governor Meridian, Conception Meridian, and Heel Meridian. So the sentence in Nanjing 27Nan is contradictory to the contents of Huangdineijing. The origin of Eight Extra Meridians could be found in Huangdineijing. The collateral Meridians of the Uterus and Epiglottis Meridian are specifically formulated to supplying for the Uterus or Epiglottis. Eight Extra Meridians have third qualities of Meridian, collateral Meridian, and the solid viscera keep the Essence Gi, so named 'Extra'. And they have an intimate association with Extraordinary Organs. They place at the middle axis of human body, thus do higher physiological function that control and regulate the function of Twelve Regular Meridians and Five Viscera & six Bowels for adaptation to the environment.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.49-67
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• 2014

Subject : The Association between Extraordinary Organs(奇恒之腑) and Eight Extra Meridians(奇經 八脈). Objectives : This study research some special aspects of Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians which differentiated from ordinary Organs and Meridians, and the association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Methods : First, researched classification standard and physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs through studying various chapters of HuangdiNeijing. Second, researched The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians through studying on the origin of Eight Extra Meridians in HuangdiNeijing. Third, from accompanying researching the subject of Cheon-gye(天癸) and human body shape, draw synthetic hypothesis on the relationship among ordinary Meridians and Organs, muscles and skins of body shape, Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Results & Conclusions : The following conclusions could be drawn. 1. Extraordinary Organs afford background for shaping human body. This is same as the properties of the earth which afford background for shaping all creations. The physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs is intermediation and regulation between Ki(氣) of Five Viscera & six Bowels and shape of muscles & skins in human body. 2. The origin of Eight Extra Meridians could be found in HuangdiNeijing. The collateral Meridians of the Uterus and Epiglottis Meridian are specifically formulated to supplying for the Uterus or Epiglottis. From this we can draw The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians, that is Eight Extra Meridians are specifically formulated to supplying for Extraordinary Organs. 3. The Cheon-gye(天癸) is doing significant function in Eight Extra Meridians supplying for Extraordinary Organs. Cheon-gye concerned to growth, secondary sexual characters, generative function, aging process. Theses are all concerned with the changing of human body shape. Cheon-gye urge to change the body shape with following the human life cycle. 4. Human body has vertical symmetry because preserve its shape from the gravitational force. Eight Extra Meridians place at the middle or flank axis of human body, thus do physiological function that assistant human body have vertical symmetry shape. The purpose of shaping vertical symmetry is securing space what the inner Twelve Regular Meridians and Five Viscera & six Bowels create there own physical changes. On the other hand the inner changes need deviation between left and right because of mobility and circulation of force. But human body change the shape in the process of growth, reproduction, aging. Eight Extra Meridians play role at time of these processing, thus they deeply concerned to human's life cycle and reproduction. 5. Eight Extra Meridians and Extraordinary Organs were named 'Extra' because of some special aspects which differentiated from ordinary Meridians and Organs. All they play role to have vertical symmetry shape of human body and maintain the shape, thus they deeply concerned to the change of human life cycle. These shaping maintaining and the change of human life cycle are very special aspects of human body. So they needed to differently cognize separate to the ordinary changes of Five Viscera & six Bowels and Twelve Meridians at inner space.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2007

Objectives : Extra Meridians are important conception for the proper comprehension of the defensive Gi & the defensive Gi, and the principle of the Gi (氣)‘s flow or diffusion. Methods : Extra Meridians could be explained by an anatomical feature and a functional stage. We should analyze the principle of samhap (三合) to have application to meridians. The study of the relationship between Extra Meridians and regular meridians (12正經) is useful to understand origination of the defensive Gi & the nutritive Gi. Results : The origination of the nutritive Gi & the defensive Gi could be interpreted by the principle of samhap correctly. The energic patterns in the flow of Gi (氣) are changed by cooperation with Extra Meridians and regular meridians (12正經). Conclusions : We could inferred that growth, disease, health, etc are controlled in cooperation with Extra Meridians (寄經脈) and the nutritive Gi & the defensive Gi (營衛). Extra Meridians take many parts in origination of the nutritive Gi & the defensive Gi, in the flow or diffusion of them but various energies are controlled basically by regular meridians (12正經). The defensive Gi is originated by Penetration Vessel (衝脈)) and it seems to be made by the principle of samhap (三合) in the process of the nutritive Gi flow (瀯氣流注).

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.27-39
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• 2013

The Theory of Meridian can be classified into early form of pre- and present form of after-. The representative early form of meridian is Eleven Meridians in Mawangdui scrolls(馬王堆帛書) which use Six Qi Diagnosis(六氣辨證). because it did not adopt Visceral Pattern Identification(臟腑辨證). The present form of meridian is Twelve Meridians of . It has developed to investigate relations between Visceral and disease with Five Phase Theory. Analyzing the name of the Six Meridians in the Shanghanlun(傷寒論)On Cold Damage, there are no hands, feet and visceral signs. and it is almost identical to Eleven Meridians in Mawangdui scrolls. According to , Eleven Meridians use only Six Foot Meridians(足六經) to classify diseases. This fact was applied identically to the Six Meridians in the Shanghanlun. Therefore many doctors, especially Hanzhihe(韓祗和) and Zhangzhicong(張志聰) mentioned that "I have never seen a book on Shanghanlun discuss about Hand Meridians(手經)."

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.37-56
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• 2004

In the Circular flow of Meridians(經脈), the circulation of Nutrient Gi(營氣) is that the essence Gi(精氣) of food starts from Middle Cho(中焦), via heart and lung into the ring-type round of 12 Meridians(十二經脈) in turn of hand Meridians(水經) and foot Meridians(足經), Yang Meridians(陽經) and Eum Meridians(陰經). The circulation of Defensive Gi(衛氣) is that if going out from Eum part(陰分) into Yang part(陽分), is rounding on the Yang Meridians, if going out from Yang part into Eum part, is rounding on the five Jang(五臟) in order of Kidney(腎)-Heart(心)-Lung(肺)-Liver(肝)-Spleen(脾). Because the process of accumulating the essence Gi has a property of One-way flow, it flows from terminal to the direction of body trunk, has no distinct channel with its immaterial nature. and is concentrated on the lower part to that the five Jang belong.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.208-217
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• 2014

Objectives and Methods : This study is to understand the properties and functions of twelve meridians. It aims to understand the meaning of the meridian names, and to study the properties of the six qi and the method of movement of the meridians by analyzing the six qi of the three yin and three yang from a meteorological perspective. The functions of twelve meridians based on the relationship between the operation of the internal organs and the meridians are then examined. Results and Conclusions : (1) The three yin and three yang includes the properties of six qi at the meridians. (2) The fundamental qi at reverting yin meridian lesser yin meridian and greater yin meridian has the properties of wind, heat and dampness, respectively, which are yang qi, while the fundamental qi at lesser yang meridian, yang brightness meridian and greater yang meridian has the properties of ministerial fire, dryness and cold, respectively, which are yin qi. (3) In the circulation of meridian qi, yang qi ascends at yin meridians while yin qi descends at yang meridians. (4) Three yin meridians belonging to the viscera help the function of intestines, which saves essence qi and then makes it go upward, while three yang meridians belonging to the bowels help the function of converting foodstuff and making it go downward. (5) In the human body, the internal organs play the primary role, and the meridians serve as helpers of the functioning of the internal organs by controlling the six qi.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.87-99
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• 2022

The purpose of this paper is to test the hypothesis that some early Chinese meridians were described by haptic exploration of the arterial pulse. The method is as follows: First, the relevant passages of the Mawangdui medical texts, the oldest meridian monographs, are translated based on perceptual anatomy. Second, the pulse is haptically searched for in the palm, lower arm, upper arm, armpit, and torso of the human body. Finally, their locations are compared with the translation. As a result, It was confirmed that the pulse locations detected on the body were mostly consistent with the routes of the meridians described in the texts. So meridians were haptically detectable pulse routes. What is known today as the flow direction of hand-yin meridians is actually the direction of searching the pulse. Our result runs counter to Huang Longxiang's claim that the route of the meridians are virtual routes set by speculation. Our findings also dispute Vivien Shaw's claim that the meridians of Mawangdui medical texts were discovered by anatomical dissection. They also refute the claim that meridians were discovered by the extrasensory perception of the inner sight (內觀) and the subjective experience of the meridian sensitive person. The hand-yin meridians of Mawangdui medical texts are well described so that anyone can find them by touching them with their fingers.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.151-160
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• 2001

Objective : Assuming that the characteristic of meridian system has been similar to this of electric potentials in human body and that measurements of electric potential at well(井穴) and sea(合穴) points in branches of the twelve meridians will be representative of measurements of the twelve meridians, to measure the electric potentials in twenty aged and fifty aged healthy volunteers groups at sleeping(SG) and awakening(AG), and then to find out the characteristic of meridian system among 2 groups. Methods : We selected who thirty healthy volunteers were diagnosed by a blood test, urine examination and differentiation of syndromes by five viscera(五臟辨證) among volunteers. Their electric potential of well and sea points in the meridians were simultaneously measured by physiograph. Results : Measurements were analyzed by statistical factor analysis, we obtained that the both left and right side electric potential of well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians were unclearly divided into four factors according to age and whether sleeping or not, which were the three Yin meridians of the hand, the three Yang channels of the hand, the three Yin meridians of the foot, and the three Yin meridians of the foot. Conclusion : In conclusion, using the sequently measuring method, we obtained that electrical potentials of well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians were divided into two factors, but the simultaneously measuring method, those were divided into four factors. The latter result means that the electrical potentials of twelve meridians were reflected by the function of the viscera and bowels.