• Title/Summary/Keyword: mineral weathering

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Geochemical Characteristics of the Mineral Water in Taegu Area. (대구지역에 분포하는 약수의 지구화학적 특성)

  • 김종근;이재영
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.56-65
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    • 1997
  • Chemical analysis, statistical analysis and geochemical study were carried out to investigate the influence of the geology on the chemical characferistics of the mineral water in Taegu area. A simple comparision between the chemical components of the mineral water and their bedrocks indicates that the bedrock types in the catchmerit area control the chemical characteristics of the surface water. However more objective evidences for the mineral water-bedrock relationship come from the statistical analyses(cluster analysis and factor analysis). The results of the statistical analyses suggest that the bedrock type factor explains the data variation seven times as much as pollution does, which evidently indicates that the bedrock in the study area mainly control the mineral water chemistries. The results of comparision of the statistical analyses results with the mineral weathering reactions and mineral stability diagrams can be summarized as follows: 1. Plagioclase weathering to kaolinite provides SiO$_2$ , Ca$^{2+}$ and Na$^+$, and muscovite weathering to kaolinite provides K$^+$, and amphibole and mica minerals weathering to kaolinite provides F to the mineral water. Most of Ca$^{2+}$ and Mg$^{2+}$ in the mineral water are the products of carbonate mineral dissolution. SO$_4^{2-}$ may be the byproduct of sulfide oxidation. 2. The weatering of silicate mineral produces Ca-rich smectite and kaolinite, but Ca-rich smectite is unstable and will be transformed to more stable kaolinite because of the continuous dilution of the mineral water by precipitation. By Hashimoto's Mineral Balance Index, S-10 and S-12 mineral spring water were evaluated tasty and healthy water, S-9 and S-11 mineral spring water were evaluated tasty water and S-7, S-8 and S-13 mineral spring water were evaluated healthy water.

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Evaluation of geochemical processes affecting groundwater chemistry in Namwon, Korea

  • Kim, Kang-Joo;Natarajan Rajmohan;Kim, Hyung-Jung;Kim, Suk-Hwi;Hwang, Gab-Soo;Cho, Min-Joe;Lee, Sang-Ho
    • Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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    • 2004.09a
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    • pp.334-337
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    • 2004
  • Groundwater chemistry in Namwon area, Korea, was investigated to understand the contribution of geochemical processes on groundwater chemistry. For this study, a total of 279 groundwater samples were collected from 93 wells distributed over the study area. Higher concentrations of major ions are generally encountered in the shallow alluvial wells, suggesting that these chemicals are originated from the surface contamination sources. Mass balance analysis based on reaction stoichiometry reveals that the water chemistry is regulated by three major chemical processes: weathering of silicate/ carbonate minerals, input of C1/SO$_4$ salts, and nitrate generating processes. The results show that mineral weathering is the most dominating factor regulating the groundwater chemistry. However, the groundwaters with the higher salt concentration indicate the larger mineral weathering effect, suggesting that some part of the mineral weathering effect is also associated with the anthropogenic activities such as limes applied to the cultivated lands, carbonates (CaCO$_3$) in the cement materials.

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Physical and Chemical Variation of Sedimentary Rocks due to Weathering (풍화에 의한 퇴적암의 물리-화학적 변화)

  • Kim, Young-Su;Heo, No-Young;Jeong, Woo-Seob;Rui, Da-Hu;Lee, Jea-Ho
    • Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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    • v.3 no.2
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    • pp.49-60
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    • 2002
  • A study on mineral composition and chemical component governing of weathering process is necessary to know the weathering characteristics of sedimentary rocks. In this study, a mineral and chemical component analysis, and physical and engineering characteristic tests were conducted to find out the characteristics of sedimentary rocks in Daegu, according to the weathering degree of sedimentary rock. Test results show that the mineral composition of rock, such as Albite (Ab), Muscovite (Ms), Magenetite (Mt) and the chemical composition of $A_2O_3$, CaO, $Na_2O$, $K_2O$, MgO and so on are closely related to the weathering. Based on the test results, we illustrated the quantitative application of weathering decision for the sedimentary rocks.

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Evaluation about Weathering Characteristics of Granite at Sangju Area (상주지역 화강암의 풍화 특성에 대한 평가)

  • Kang, Changwoo;Kim, Bongsu;Son, Kwangrok;Bae, Wooseok
    • Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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    • v.17 no.5
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    • pp.17-25
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    • 2016
  • The rocks exposed on the surface undergo expedite weathering process due to the effects of climatic process, etc. and the weathering process changes the properties of minerals, thereby lowering the stability of rocks. Therefore, it is important to examine the composition of minerals in order to investigate the resistance of rocks against weathering, which is performed by weathering sensitivity analysis. And microscopic flaking test was performed for the bored samples in this study and the composition of minerals that are vulnerable to weathering was measured through mode analysis. The lithological and mineralogical weathering factors were evaluated through this process. Furthermore, the degree of progress of weathering was identified by quantitatively measuring the actual mineral composition of rocks through X-Ray diffraction analysis and identifying the secondary minerals through observation with a scanning electron microscope. This analyzing the weathering sensitivity was analyzed to be capable of determining appropriate indicators that can determine weather resistance and predicting the weathering grade using chemical weathering speed.

Weathering Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks Affected by Periodical Submerging (주기적으로 침수되는 퇴적암의 풍화특성)

  • 이석훈;김수진
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.23-35
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    • 2004
  • The weathering characteristics of periodically submerged sedimentary rocks in the Sayeon dam, Ulsan was examined by field work, electron probe micro-analysis, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Analysis of fracture zone and exfoliation showed the submerged sedimentary rocks have undergone severe mechanical weathering. Mechanical weathering in the water-rock interface accelerated chemical weathering, such as dissolution and alteration of the most of minerals except for quartz in the weathering zone. The dissolution of carbonates specially calcite, is remarkable creating the cavities, whereas formation of minerals including clay minerals is not active. The sedimentary rocks have been periodically submerged for a certain period of time, and have repeated freezing and thawing. This mechanical weathering favored infiltration, which accelerated mineral dissolution. The high content of easily soluble carbonate of the sedimentary rocks is likely the major cause of intense chemical weathering. The dissolved elements within the infiltrated water interrupted the occurrence of clay and weathering minerals, and expend fractures by infiltrated water accelerated weathering process.

Variations of Clay Mineral Assemblage, Colour, and Microfossil Abundance in the Tertiary Sediments from the Pohang Area During Chemical Weathering (포항지역(浦項地域) 제(第)3기층(紀層) 퇴적암(堆積岩)중 화학적풍화작용(化學的風化作用)이 결토광물조성(結土鑛物組成), 화학조성(化學組成), 암색(岩色) 및 미화석(微化石) 산출빈도(産出頻度)에 미치는 영향)

  • Moon, Hi-Soo;Yun, Hyesu;Min, Kyung Duck;Lee, Hyun Koo;Lee, Jong Chun
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.23 no.2
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    • pp.201-213
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    • 1990
  • Mineralogy, chemistry, physical property, and fossil abundance have been studied for the samples collected from three weathering profiles, two from the Duho Formation and one from the Hagjeon Formation in the Tertiary sediments in the Pohang area. The mineralogy of the samples from the Duho Formation shows somewhat different from that of the Hagjeon Formation. Kaolinite is more abundant and shows higher crystallinity in samples from the Duho Formation than those in the Hagjeon Formation, but clay mineral assemblage in each weathering profile remain fairly constant with depth. This difference in mineral distribution seems to be inherited from original source materials. It indicates that little or not severe leaching has been taking place in these three weathering profiles. Weathering indicies indicate different degrees of susceptibility to chemical weathering in these two formations. The Duho Formation has a higher degree of susceptibility to weathering than that of the Hagjeon Formation which is mainly due to differences in clay mineral assemblages in both formations. A noticeble colour difference between oxidized and unoxidized zones in each profile can be easily recognized which is definetely due to different decomposition rate organic carbon by various oxidation state from surface to bottom of the profile. Weathering process have also intensively influenced microfossil preservation about up to 7-10 m in depth in the Duho Formation. Consequently, characteristics observed at weathering surface should be used as a subsidiary tool in setting geologic boundary or establishing formation. Great care must be taken to choose sampling site for microfossil study.

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Mineralogical Characteristics and Formation Environment of Kaolin Minerals in the Weathering of Granitoids: Weathering of Biotite in Palgongsan Granite (팔공산 화강암내 흑운모의 풍화과정에서 생성되는 고령토광물들의 광물학적 특성 및 생성 환경)

  • 정기영
    • Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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    • v.11 no.2
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    • pp.97-105
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    • 1998
  • Weathering of biotite in Palgonsan granite was studied by using X-ray diffraction, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and electron probe micro analysis. Biotite altered to biotite/vermiculite regular mixed layer mineral (B/V) in the early stage of weathering. Although partially replaced by kaolinite with the progress of weathering. B/V is the major weathering product of biotite throughout the profile. During the formation of B/V, Mg, Fe and K are removed from a biotite layer to form a vermiculite layer by about 28%, 44% and 88%, respectively, whereas the Ti content is not changed. Considerable volume increase after the kaolinitization of B/V suggests that Al and Si are largely introduced from the external weathering solution. The silicate lattice templet of a weathering biotite facilitated the nucleation and growth of kaolinite. In the Palgongsan granite weathering profile, plagioclase weathered mostly into halloysite whereas biotite greatly contributes to the kaolinite crystallization though its small content in fresh rock.

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Hydrogeochemical Research on the Characteristic of Chemical Weathering in a Granitic Gatchment (水文化學的 資料를 통한 花崗岩質 流域의 化學的 風化特性에 關한 硏究)

  • Park, Soo-Jin
    • Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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    • v.28 no.1
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    • pp.1-15
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    • 1993
  • This research aims to investigate some respects of chemical weathering processes, espcially the amount of solute leaching, formation of clay minerals, and the chemical weathering rate of granite rocks under present climatic conditions. For this purpose, I investigated geochemical mass balance in a small catchment and the mineralogical composition of weathered bedrocks including clay mineral assemblages at four res-pective sites along one slope. The geochemical mass blance for major elements of rock forming minerals was calculated from precipitation and streamwater data which are measured every week for one year. The study area is a climatically and litholo-gically homogeneous small catchment($3.62Km^2$)in Anyang-shi, Kyounggi-do, Korea. The be-drock of this area id Anyang Granite which is composed of coarse-giained, pink-colored miner-als. Main rock forming minerals are quartz, K-Feldspar, albite, and muscovite. One of the chracteristics of this granite rock is that its amount of Ca and Mg is much lower than other granite rock. The leaching pattern in the weathering profiles is in close reltion to the geochemical mass balance. Therefore the removal or accumulation of dissolved materials shows weathering patterns of granite in the Korean peninsula. Oversupplied ions into the drainage basin were $H^+$, $K^+$, Fe, and Mn, whereas $Na^2+$, $Mg^2+$, $Ca^2+$, Si, Al and $HCO-3^{-}$ were removed from the basin by the stream. The consumption of hydrogen ion in the catchment implies the hydrolysis of minerals. The surplus of $K^+$ reflects that vegetation is in the aggravation stage, and the nutrient cycle of the forest in study area did not reach a stable state. And it can be also presumed that the accumulation of $K^+$ in the top soil is related to the surplus of $K^+$. Oversupplied Fe and Mn were presumed to accumulate in soil by forming metallic oxide and hydroxide. In the opposite, the removal of $Na^+$, Si, Al resulted from the chemical weathering of albite and biotite, and the amount of removal of $Na^+$, Si, Al reflected the weathering rate of the bedrock. But $Ca^2+$ and $Mg^2+$ in stream water were contaminated by the scattered calcareous structures over the surface. Kaolinite is a stable clay mineral under the present environment by the thermodynamical analysis of the hydrogeochemical data and Tardy's Re value. But this result was quite different from the real assemblage of clay miner-als in soil and weathered bedrock. This differ-ence can be explained by the microenvironment in the weathering profile and the seasonal variation of climatic factors. There are different clay forming environments in the stydy area and these differences originate from the seasonal variation of climate, especially the flushing rate in the weathering profile. As it can be known from the results of the analysis of thermodynamic stability and characteristics of geochemical mas balance, the climate during winter and fall, when it is characterized by the low flushing rate and high solute influx, shows the environmental characteristics to from 2:1 clay minerals, such as illite, smectite, vermiculite and mixed layer clay minerals which are formed by neoformation or transformation from the primary or secondary minerals. During the summer and spring periods, kaoli-nite is a stable forming mineral. However it should consider that the other clay minerals can transformed into kaolinite or other clay minerals, because these periods have a high flushing rte and temperature. Materials which are directly regulated by chemical weathering in the weathered bedrock are $Na^+$, Si, and Al. The leaching of Al is, however, highly restricted and used to form a clay mineral, and that of Si falls under the same category. $Na^+$ is not taked up by growing veget ation, and fixed in the weathering profile by forming secondary minerals. Therefore the budget of $Na^+$ is a good indicator for the chemical weathering rate in the study area. The amount of chemical weathering of granite rocks was about 31.31g/$m^2+$/year based on $Na^+$ estimation.

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Effect of geological characteristics on differential weathering of low-graded metasedimentary rock slopes (저변성퇴적암 사면에서 지질특성이 차별풍화에 미치는 영향)

  • Jeong, Hae-Geun;Seo, Yong-Seok;Ihm, Myung-Hyeok
    • Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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    • v.15 no.4
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    • pp.375-385
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    • 2013
  • This study evaluates correlation between petrographic characteristics and weathering grade of low-graded metasedimentary rocks mainly consisting of phyllite. Weathering grade of rock material was determined based on the results of geological survey. The Schmidt hammer test was carried out to obtain estimates of strength of rock materials. Point counting and microscopic observation were also conducted to analyze mineral composition and to measure spacing of foliation for 9 rock specimens. As a result of microscopic analysis, as the weathering grade was lower, the quartz was found more in quantity, consequently making rock stronger against weathering process. On the other side, lower weathering grade of rock resulted in less content of mica which is weak against weathering process. In addition, the rock materials with closer foliation spacing are found to be weaker in strength and have higher weathering grade.