• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.125-132
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• 2014

Objective : The aim of this study is to review the historical development and current situation of Mongolian traditional medicine. Method : Systematic literature review for books, journals, governments statistics, reports on mongolian traditional medicine was carried out. Results : The theory of Mongolian traditional medicine is influenced by the philosophy and medical theories of the ancient orient such as India, Tibet and China-theories of hot and cold, principle of yin and yang and five elements. There are very unique treatments like brain tram concussion, fermented horse milk treatment as well as moxibustion, acupuncture, and blood letting. It appears that they are very closed to nomadic life. Training program of each institutes need to be standardized. Mongolian traditional medicine had been almost destroyed by the influence of communist idea from 1930s until the end of the 1980s. Since 1990, Mongolian government put much emphasis on the development of traditional medicine. And now about 3.7% of total beds is traditional medicine one and that there are six TM schools and the total number of traditional medicine in 2012 is 1696. However, there are still the lack of manpower, facilities, standardized training program and scientific research for traditional medicine. Conclusion : Mongolian traditional medicine has been developed over centuries in response to Mongolia's unique geographical and climate conditions and the lifestyles of its people and that made contribution to the health of mongolian people. However, it needs to be strengthened because there are poor infrastructure and training program.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.87-103
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• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the development process and describe the diagnosis methods, theories and treatments of Mongolian traditional medicine and Korean traditional medicine through literature records and prior studies. Methods Literature records and previous studies on traditional medicine of both countries were collected through various sites in Mongolia (Esan, Mongoliajol, Kok, Yumpu, Scribd, Science and Technology Foundation [STF]) and Korea (Koreanstudies Information Service System [KISS], Korea Institute of Science and Technology Information [KISTI], National Digital Science Library [NDSL], Research Information Sharing Service [RISS], Oriental Medicine Advanced Searching Integrated System [OASIS]). Also the English database was searched through PubMed. In the case of Mongolian traditional medicine, medical books published in Mongolia were mainly referenced and used for research. Results Studying the development process, basic concepts and the system of diagnosis and treatment of the two traditional medicine, several commonalities and differences were revealed. Conclusions This study showed that the scope of diagnosis methods between Mongolian and Korean traditional medicine were slightly different, and that the medical terminology for the diagnosis method had slightly different contents from each other. Although there were many similarities in treatments of Mongolian and Korean traditional medicine, the Chuna therapy is found in Korean traditional medicine only. The basic theories constituting traditional medicine were the same, but the five-element theory used by the two countries differs in the following two factors. Mongolia uses elements of air and space as the theory of five elements, while Korea uses elements of wood and iron.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.33-40
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• 2014

Traditional medicine in Asian countries show similarity according to geography, building up their own medical tradition upon indigenous cultural background. Mongolian medicine, in particular, displays district fusion of several medical systems accepted from neighboring countries adding to their traditional system. Those are Mongol Dhom medicine, acupuncture and moxibustion medicine, medicine of "Four Medical Tantras (四部醫典)", and combined system of Mongolian and biomedicine. Compared to East asian medicine, this is a different kind of diversity or hybridity resulting from idiosyncrasy of nomadic culture. Each current of Mongolian medical tradition has its own origin of historical backdrop. Mongol Dhom originated from ancient nomadic life, and medicine of "Four Medical Tantras (四部醫典)" was formed along with transmission of Tibetan Buddhism. Acupuncture and moxibustion is directly related to Chinese medical tradition, however, moxibustion is also referred to be regional origination. Lastly, biomedicine was transplanted during the modernization era, encouraging scientific approach toward Mongolian traditional medicine and producing combined medical practice. It is effective to derive each particular aspects of Mongolian medicine and analyze its specificity, in order to properly understand current Mongolian medical system. This paper aims at discovering socio-cultural meanings of each current and their nomadic feature beneath the diversity.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.18-26
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• 2023

Objectives: Terminalia chebula, the main ingredient of Altan Arur 5, has been used for many years in traditional medicine. This medicine is more effective than other drugs and is used to treat chronic gastritis and gastrointestinal disorders such as peptic ulcers and esophageal reflux. Other ingredients of Altan Arur 5 are Punica granatum (pomegranate), tulip seeds, black balm, and excreta of Trogopterus xanthipes. The main ingredients of T. chebula are antibacterial and analgesic in traditional medicine. Despite having been used for many years and although many studies have been conducted on the beneficial effects of this medicine and its ingredients, the toxicity of Altan Arur 5 has not yet been elucidated. Therefore, we aimed to study the toxicity of Altan Arur 5 to ensure that it is safe to use. Methods: Acute and chronic toxicity of Altan Arur 5 were assessed in 10 Kunming mice and 8 Sprague-Dawley rats, respectively, in different doses. In the acute toxicity study, Altan Arur 5 was orally administered to Kunming mice in doses of 12 g/kg, 24 g/kg, and 48 g/kg for 14 days. In the chronic toxicity study, it was orally administered to Sprague-Dawley rats in doses of 1.25 g/kg, 2.5 g/kg, and 5 g/kg for 12 weeks. Results: No significant differences were observed in the relative organ weights for mice treated with Altan Arur 5 compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, no macro- or microstructural changes were noted in the organs of any group. Conclusion: Our toxicity testing revealed that the traditional medicine Altan Arur 5 has no toxic effects in vivo.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.300-307
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• 2007

We have studied the history of the introduction of Ayurveda medicine in Mongolia. During the periods of the Hunnu (400 BC-200 AD), Ikh Nirun (400-600 AD), and Uigur Dynasty (800-1,000 AD), Ayurveda (Indian Medicine) was introduced to Mongolia along with Buddhism from the Middle Asian countries Kushan, Khotan, Sogd and Uigar. Ayurveda was fully introduced to Mongolia under the deep influence of Tibetan Buddhism from the 13th century. Mongolia's first Medical School, following the Tibetan tradition, was established in 1662. In Mongolia more than 40 Medical Schools were established from 1662-1937. 26 Ayurvedic treatises were translated into the Mongolian language and published in 1742-1749. Since the $14^{th}$ century Mongols have been translating Tibetan Medical books into the Mongolian language, of which we have today found more than ten. Over the centuries, Mongolian scholars have written many commentaries to these medical texts.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.91-98
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• 2009

Objectives : The objective of this review is to introduce the basic concepts on the febrile disease in the Mongolian Traditional Medicine(MTM). Methods : We comprehensively reviewed related textbooks in Mongolian and articles searched from China National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI) on febrile disease about MTM and summarized the pathophysiologic basis of, and treatment principles in MTM. Results and Conclusions : 1. In MTM, there are basic concepts such as theory of Arga-Bilig, theory of five elements, theory of three elements(人體三素), theory of seven constitutions and three discharges(七元三濊). Most of all, theory of three elements, which is about the basic elements of human body in MTM, is important fundamental notions for explaining human physiology and pathology. In MTM, It is explained that the imbalance of three elements, namely khii, shar, bad-kan is the root of all disease. Especially, febrile disease is treated by suppressing activated shar and blood(血液), which have fire characters, and managing various additional symptoms by balancing three elements and eliminating miasma(邪氣), inappropriate substances such as bile water(shar yc, 黃水) or blood stasis(惡血) simultaneously. 2. In MTM, both of internal treatment modalities(various medicinal therapy) and external treatment modalities(physical therapy) have been used for febrile disease. Food therapy and life style modification also have been recognized as important treatment methods. These aspects correspond to wholism theory of Korean Traditional Medicine(KTM). Further studies about details of each treatment methods will discover new applicable treatment method and make broaden the external boundaries of the KTM.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.5-10
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• 2005

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.62-74
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• 2007

1. Objectives This study is a pilot study to investigate the Mongolian's morphologic characteristics of face according to Sasang Constitution. 2. Methods We had collected 100 cases of Mongolian and took pictures their frontal view, lateral view of face and measured height, breaths and projected length of face with Face Features Measurement Program(FFMP) and analyzed shape differences of face according to Sasang constitution. 3. Results and Conclusions (1) In the frontal view of female, there were 11 items(total 322 items) significantly different among three constitutions, and in lateral view 13 items(total 191 items). (2) In the frontal view of male, there were 88 items(total 322 items) significantly different among three constitutions, and in lateral view 46 items(total 191 items).

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.99-125
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• 2007

1. Objectives This study focuses on the Revision and Translation of the Mongolian's Sasang constitution Diagnosis Questionnaire (SDQ-M) 2. Methods 03'SDQ's questionnaire analysis study have been performed based on the absolutely diagnosed group of 423 cases who have respond to the Sasang constitution Diagnosis Questionnaire (SDQ) from June to November, 2003. 3. Results and Conclusions Revised 05'SDQ-M's traits, which result from on the basis of 03'SDQ's questionnaire analysis study results and socio-cultural understanding via Mongolian physical constitution diagnosis as well as Mongolian translators' interchange, are as follows. (1) 05'SDQ-M is mainly adjusted in terms of external appearances and the nature of illness symptoms. (2) 05'SDQ-M's physical constitution questionnaires are equally adjusted. (3) 05'SDQ-M is re-used, deleted, or created on the basis of 03'SDQ's questionnaire analysis results. (4) 05'SDQ-M is translated to be easy for Mongolians.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.74-82
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• 2023

Nepeta sibirica L. or Siberian catmint is a medicinal plant species used in Mongolian traditional medicine for curing human different disorders and veterinary practices. The previous study of the whole plant concentrated on the determination of its essential oil composition and reported that the major ones are sesquiterpenes, including nepetalactone. The aim of this study was to reveal a new biological activity of the above-ground parts of N. sibirica L. and compare the activity of different extracts correlating with the content of biologically active compounds and evaluate their toxicity. For this purpose, anti-oxidative and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activities of the above-ground parts of N. sibirica L. aqueous and ethanol (EtOH) (40%, 70%) extracts were assayed spectrophotometrically. The aqueous extract showed positive anti-oxidative activity by both tested DPPH and FRAP assays with IC₅₀ 134.24 ± 1.42 mg/mL and FRAP value 1385.15 ± 8.12 µmol/L at 200 ㎍/mL, in contrast to 40% and 70% EtOH extracts. The 70% EtOH extract presented the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory activity (IC₅₀ 77.29 ± 0.38 mg/mL) followed by 40% EtOH extract (176.72 ± 0.35 mg/mL) and aqueous extract (275.41 ± 0.23 mg/mL). Total phenolics were found to be gallic acid equivalent, % 3.74 ± 0.05 (70% EtOH), 3.94 ± 0.04 (40% EtOH), and 3.79 ± 0.16 (aqueous), whereas the total flavonoids as a rutin equivalent, % as 2.01 ± 0.12, 1.44 ± 0.17 and 1.99 ± 0.02, each. The aqueous extract showed the best anti-oxidative and lowest activity against the acetylcholinesterase; however, the 70% EtOH extract showed the opposite effects than that of the aqueous. No mortality incidence was visible at various doses, indicating that the oral median lethal dose of aqueous and 70% EtOH extracts were considered greater than 5000 mg/kg. N. sibirica L. belongs to the non-toxic category of the OECD 423 classification.