• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.123-136
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• 2005

This research is to compare the infant's temperament and parenting stress perceived by premature infants' mother and full-term infants' mother. It aims at establishing the healthy relationship between mothers and infants. It investigates the basic data of nursing intervention program to help the mother of premature infant. The period of data collection was from May 1, 2005 to May 30, 2005, and the subjects were total 123 mothers: 44 mothers of premature infants and 79 mothers of full-term infants under 6 months who visited general hospitals, individual pediatrics, and health center located in G city. "What My Baby Is Like(WBL)" developed by Pridham, Chang, and Chiu(1994) and translated by Bang Kyeong Sook(1999) was used as a measuring instrument of infants' temperament, and Parenting Stress Index (PSI) developed by Abidin(1990) and revised and complemented by Kim Dong Hee(1997) was used as a measuring instrument of parenting stress. Collected Data were analyzed through $X^2$-test, t-test, Pearson's correlation with SPSS 12.0 window program. The results are as follows: 1. There was a significant difference in the infant's temperament perceived by premature infants' mothers and full-term infants' mothers (t=-4.08, p=.00). In subcategory, there were significant difference between premature infants' mother and full-term infants' mother in geniality(t=-3.62, p=.00), adaptation(t=-3.43, p=.00) and reaction(t=-2.01, p=.05). 2. There was a significant difference in parenting stress between premature infants' mother and full-term infants' mother(t=6.57, p=.00). The parenting stress of premature infants mothers appeared to be higher than full-term infants' mothers. They showed the higher stress in the mother-child relationship area(t=6.27, p=.00) and child area(t=7.38, p=.00) among 3 areas of parenting stress. 3. There were negative correlation between infants' temperament and parenting stress. As mothers perceived the infant's temperament negatively, the parenting stress. Especially, the negative correlation of infants' temperament and parenting stress of premature infants' mothers(r=-.44) was stronger than that of full-term infants' mothers(r=-37). From the research, as mothers of premature infants receive more stress, their stress can cause the serious problem to the relationship of the mother and the infant. Therefore, the nursing intervention should be carried out in order to change the negative perception of mothers towards their infants into the positive perception reduce the parenting stress.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.13-24
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to compare between mothers' and father's the sense of mothers and that of fathers about values related to childcare and satisfaction in a relationship with their spouse and review how the differences in the sense between mothers and fathers affects the parenting stress of wives. Data for this research were collected in April 2007 from 300 couples living in Seoul having a first child younger than 36 months of age. The survey was analyzed using SPSS 12.0. The main results were as follows; First, it was indicated that fathers had a more conventional senses of values relating to childcare and satisfaction in a relationship with the spouse than did mothers. Second, a mother's parenting stress rises according to the level of mother's satisfaction in the relationship with the her spouse. Third, a mother's parenting stress rises by mother's satisfaction in relationship with the spouse lower than father's satisfaction in relationship with the spouse.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.255-265
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• 2009

This study explores the relationship of mother's perceptions on child development, achievement pressure and parenting stress. The participants were 275 mothers of preschool-age children in Seoul and Gyeonggi-do area. The results were as follows. Maternal perception of child development, achievement pressure and parenting stress were significantly different according to gender, birth order of the child and the employment status of the mother. Maternal perception of child development, achievement pressure and parenting stress were related to each variable. The results of the regression analysis indicated that the maternal perception of child development and achievement pressure were significant variables in predicting the parenting stress of mothers.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.27-43
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• 2014

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate depression of mothers with children in early childhood and to identify predictors by income level. Methods: The research was conducted with 1,761 data from the 3rd wave of the Panel Study of Korean Children(PSKC) data. Independent variables were socio-demographic data, self-esteem, normative life-events, non-normative life events, parenting stress, marital conflict, social support. Data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, hierarchical multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: Significant factors of depression of female in low-income were non-normative life events, parenting stress, marital conflict. In middle class, significant factors were education, birth order of children, self-esteem, normative and non-normative life events, parenting stress, marital conflict, sociable support. At last, we found that marital conflict was the biggest factor for depression of female in low-income and parenting stress was the most powerful predictor in middle class. Conclusions: Mother's depression has a enormous impacts on development of children in early childhood. Therefore It is required to prevent depression in mothers and it is important to intervene at the early stage of depression. Results of this study showed a different pattern of predictors by income level. Therefore, Intervention and services for a mother's depression should change the direction depending on the level of income.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.269-279
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• 2022

Purpose: This study investigated the factors that influence parenting stress, including hardiness, parent-child interactions, and social support, to provide basic data for developing a program to reduce parenting stress in North Korean refugee mothers. Methods: A descriptive study design was used. Data were collected between September and December 2021, and 123 North Korean refugee mothers participated. Results: The mean scores were 69.42 out of 135 for hardiness, 48.45 out of 144 for interactions, 47.32 out of 90 for social support, and 51.84 out of 90 for parenting stress. The parental distress score was higher than that of child-related stress. Hardiness was significantly related to North Korean refugee mothers' parenting stress. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the explanatory power for hardiness and the number of supporters was approximately 19% for parenting stress (F=6.84, p<.001). As such, the factors with a relatively strong influence on parenting stress were hardiness (β=-.40, p<.001) and having four or more supporters (β=-.27, p=.027). Conclusion: This study's findings suggest the need to identify ways to increase North Korean refugee mothers' psychological hardiness and encourage them to extend their sources of social support and enhance their style of parenting.

• Korean Parent-Child Health Journal
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.17-27
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• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between the intention of pregnancy and the parenting stress of mothers with infants. Method: The subjects were 124 mothers of infants who visited the public health center during the periods of June 1 to July 31, 2003. Abidin's parenting stress index and Kim's intention of pregnancy were used. Results: The results of the study are as follows. 1. The general characteristics of mothers' age of the normal infants shows that the thirty was 53.2%, the highest. Of religion the buddhism was the most. Infant's sex distribution shows that the male infants was 48.2%, female was 51.6%. Cesarean section distribution was 43.5%, Normal delivery was 56.5%. Milk feeding distribution was 50.5%. 2. The parenting stress of mothers with infants was total $57.05{\pm}13.73$. 3. The characteristics variables significantly related to the parenting stress of mothers with infants was infants's age(F=3.27, p <.05), and the characteristics variables significantly related to the intention of pregnancy was the mother's occupation(t=1.48, p <.05). 4. There was not a Significant relation between the intention of pregnancy and the parenting stress of mothers with infants. Conclusion: Through the study, to increase the health promotions of Mothers with Infants and infants should be a family planning based on results of the study.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.113-131
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• 1995

The objectives of this study were to investigate (1) the relations between infant-mother attachment and maternal sensitivity, maltreatment, stress, and childhood experience, and (2) relations between infant-mother attachment and infant temperament. The subjects of the study were 55 14 to 20 month-old infants (27 boys and 28 girls) and their mothers in Seoul. In order to assess the patterns of infant-mother attachment, each infant-mother dyad was videotaped in the modified Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Each dyad was filmed for 3 minutes in the Questionnaire Situation of Smith and Pederson(Smith, & Pederson, 1988) to assess maternal sensitivity responding to infant's cues. Each mother also was interviewed by using a semi-structured questionnaire made by author to measure maternal maltreatment. Each mother was asked to complete three Likert-type questionnaires, containing Parenting Stress Index (PSI) (Abidin, 1990) to measure the maternal stress, Mother-Father Peer Scale (MFPS) (Epstein, 1983) to measure childhood experience, and Emotionality, Activity, Sociality (EAS) (Buss, & Plomin, 1984) to measure infant's temperament. The statistical procedures used for data analyses were correlation, one-way ANOVA, multiple regression, and Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ coefficient. The results showed that (1) mothers of insecure-avoidant infants maltreated their infants more than mothers of secure infants, and (2) in the multiple regression analysis, maternal maltreatment was predicted by maternal education, maternal stress (parent domain), and maternal childhood experience in relation to her own mother (acceptance vs. rejection).

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.1-17
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• 2006

This study on filial play therapy training as parent education included 12 experimental group mothers, 11 control group mothers, and their 5-year-old children. Over 5 weeks, experimental group mothers received 2 hours filial therapy training 10 times, twice a week, and 30 minutes home special play 4 times, once a week. Each mother was videotaped playing with her child and completed three self-report instruments : Parental Acceptance Scale(Porter, 1954), Parenting Stress Index(Abidin, 1990), and Child Behavior Checklist(Oh et al., 1997) before and after the training. Pre- and post-test data was analyzed by paired-t test. Filial play therapy training enhanced empathy in adult-child interaction during free play. Significant increases appeared in parental acceptance level of child's feeling and autonomy.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.255-268
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to deepen our understanding about mothers' parenting stress in multi-cultural families. The study was conducted through in-depth interviews of 6 mothers from Mongolia, Philippines, and Japan who were living in Seoul. The findings of this study were as follows. First, mothers of multi-cultural families had difficulties of giving birth and child rearing, especially in the earliest years of their children. They were not fully adapted to the ways of living in Korea with little social support from family members and neighbors. Second, they were worried about their children's development, particularly language development due to their lack of understanding and fluency in Korean. Third, they were concerned about the cultural and racial discrimination against their children. They expected their children to be treated and respected equally like ordinary Korean children. Fourth, they were anxious about the fact that their children might not acquire the basic academic skills before they enter the elementary schools. Furthermore, they were worried that their children might not get as much educational support as they want. Fifth, despite the burden of mother's role in Korea, they wished to get a job to support their children for better education. In conclusion, the marriage immigrant mothers experienced the stress due to the lack of social support, the discrimination against immigrants, the possibilities of their children's delays in development, the disparity in the level of support for educating their children and the high expectations about their children's education in Korean society. Therefore it is necessary for the policy makers to consider more practical support system for the multi-cultural families in order for the marriage immigrant mothers to build up self-confidence in child rearing and educating their children.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to investigate the overall developmental characteristics of Korean children ages 0 to 8, and then explore specifically how children's social and emotional developmental levels are related to mothers' psychological states. This study was part of newly launched Boryung Baby Panel Study using web-based survey in 2011. The subjects were all mothers of 940 infants(0-2 years), 654 toddlers(3-5 years), and 484 school-age children(6-8 years) The mothers were asked to administer the web-based standardized developmental checklist for their child and fill out the questionnaires of psychological variables(life satisfaction, depression, parenting attitude, parenting efficacy, and parenting stress). The data was analyzed using descriptive analysis, t-test, and logistic regression for SPSS 20.0 windows. Major findings were as follows: 1. Infants(0 to 2) showed higher developmental level in cognition and fine motor skill domain compared to other domains. 2. Most toddlers(3 to 5) showed normal development in the most domain such as gross motor skill, fine motor skill, language, letter, number, self-help behavior. 3. In socio-emotional development domain, the ratio of risk or delay group were highest at both infant and toddler. 4. The 6-8 years old children that belong to risk group by the result of SDQ(emotion and behavior assessment) were also relatively high. 5. The relation of the children's socio-emotional developmental level and the mother's psychological variables were reciprocal. Based on these findings, the implications and the limitations of current study were discussed.