• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.159-170
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• 2020

Purpose: Immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis heat shock protein 60 (PgHSP60) may have an immunoregulatory effect on atherogenesis. The aim of this study was to determine whether nasal immunization with a PgHSP60 peptide could reduce atherosclerotic plaque formation in apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE KO) mice. Methods: Seven-week-old male ApoE KO mice were assigned to receive a normal diet, a Western diet, a Western diet and challenge with PgHSP60-derived peptide 14 (Pep14) or peptide 19 (Pep19), or a Western diet and immunization with Pep14 or Pep19 before challenge with Pep14 or Pep19. Results: Atherosclerotic plaques were significantly smaller in mice that received a Western diet with Pep14 nasal immunization than in mice that received a Western diet and no Pep14 immunization with or without Pep14 challenge. An immunoblot profile failed to detect serum reactivity to Pep14 in any of the study groups. Stimulation by either Pep14 or Pep19 strongly promoted the induction of CD4⁺CD25⁺ forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)⁺ human regulatory T cells (Tregs) in vitro. However, the expression of mouse splenic CD4⁺CD25⁺FoxP3⁺ Tregs was lower in the Pep14-immunized mice than in the Pep14-challenged or Pep19-immunized mice. Levels of serum interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and transforming growth factor beta were higher and levels of interleukin (IL) 10 were lower in the Pep14-immunized mice than in the other groups. Induction of CD25^- IL-17⁺ T helper 17 (Th17) cells was attenuated in the Pep14-immunized mice. Conclusions: Nasal immunization with Pep14 may be a mechanism for attenuating atherogenesis by promoting the secretion of IFN-γ and/or suppressing Th17-mediated immunity.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 1989

To obtain the basic data for protective roles and first-aid of radiation hazard, the present studies were carried out to evaluate the decontamination of radiostrontium by the First-Aid drugs. Each mouse was administered intraperitoneally dose of sodium alginate 5mg, $CaNa_3DTPA$ 8.4mg and saline 5ml following the internal contamination with 1 $\mu$Ci of strontium as $^{85}SrCl_2$. $^{85}Sr$ was determined by the radioactivity of body burden, urinary excretion, fecal excretion and organ distribution by Ge-detector and MCA. The results are summarized as follows. 1. Effective half life on whole body retention $^{85}Sr$ was determined at 33 hours. 2. The decontamination effect of First-Aid durgs on the body $^{85}Sr$ burden were increased $CaNa_3DTPA$ (4.7 times), sodium alginate (1.7 times) and saline (2.4 times) respectively. 3. Strontium were excreted through urine (35.4%), feces (64.4%) and other (0.2%). But on the $^{85}Sr$ excretion routes following First-Aid drugs treatment, strontium-85 mainly were excreted through urine after $CaNa_3DTPA$ and saline treatment, and was excreted through feces after sodium alginate treatment. 4. The organ distribution of strontium-85 is vertebra, femur, sternum and liver in order Finally, the extrapolations from these data to victims were suggested that the rapid administration of $CaNa_3DTPA$, sodium alginate and saline simultaneously were markedly increased the decontamination effects on the internal contamination of radiostrontium.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2006

배경 : 급성 폐손상은 폐내, 외의 원인질환들에 의해 폐포-모세혈관의 투과성이 증가하며, 폐부종에 의해 급성 저산소성 호흡곤란이 유발되는 증후군이다. 헤파린은 항응고작용 외에 자체적으로 항염증효과를 가지고 있으나, 염증성질환에 헤파린을 투여하면 출혈성 합병증이 발생하기 때문에 실제로 임상에서 이용하는데 제약이 있다. 하지만 헤파린에서 2-O와 3-O sulfate를 제거하면, 항응고 효과가 제거되고 항염증효과는 지니고 있는 비항응고성 헤파린 (nonanticoagulant heparin)으로 변화한다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐에게 내독소 (LPS)를 투여하거나, 출혈성 쇼크를 일으켜서 유발된 급성폐손상에서 비항응고성 헤파린의 치료효과를 살펴보았다. 방법 : 각 군당 5 마리 이상의 흰쥐 (Balb/c mouse)를 이용하였다. 미정맥 (tail vein)을 통해 생리식염수 또는 비항응고성 헤파린 (50 mg/kg)을 투여한 직후에 내독소를 복강으로 투여하거나 (1 mg/kg), 심장천자를 통해 총 혈액의 1/3 정도로 제거하여 출혈성 쇼크를 유도하여 급성폐손상을 유발하였다. 내독소 투여 또는 출혈성 쇼크 유발 1 시간 후에 흰쥐를 희생시키고 폐를 적출하였고, 폐의 염증성 변화는 사이토카인 ($TNF-{\alpha}$, MIP-2, $IL-1{\beta}$)을 측정하여 살펴보았고, 폐손상의 정도는 myeloperoxidase (MPO) assay와 wet-to-dry weight ratio를 측정하여 알아보았다. 결 과 : 내독소를 투여한 흰쥐의 폐에서 대조군의 폐에 비해 사이토카인의 발현이 증가하고 ($TNF-{\alpha}$; $196.1{\pm}10.8$ vs $83.7{\pm}18.4pg/ml$, MIP-2; $3,000{\pm}725$ vs $187{\pm}26pg/ml$, $IL-1{\beta}$; $6,500{\pm}1167$ vs $266{\pm}25pg/ml$, p<0.05, respectively), 폐의 MPO 활성이 증가하였다 ($27.9{\pm}6.2$ vs $10.5{\pm}2.3U/g$ of lung protein, p<0.05). 출혈성 쇼크를 일으킨 흰쥐의 폐에서 대조군의 폐에 비해 사이토카인의 발현은 증가되지 않았으나, MPO 발현은 증가되었다 ($16.5{\pm}3.2$ vs $10.5{\pm}2.3U/g$ of lung protein, p<0.05). 내독소 투여 또는 출혈성 쇼크에 의해 급성폐손상이 유발된 흰쥐에서 생리적 식염수를 투여하거나 비항응고성 헤파린을 투여한 군 사이에 사이토카인의 발현이나 MPO 활성에 의미있는 차이는 관찰되지 않았다. 결론 : 이상의 결과로 비항응고성 헤파린은 내독소를 투여하거나 출혈성 쇼크를 일으키고 한 시간 뒤에 측정한 흰쥐의 급성폐손상에서 의미있는 치료효과를 보이지 않았다.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.328-331
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• 1995

$^{99m}Tc$ labeled PnAO(propylene amine oxime) derivatives have been widely studied as brain perfusion agents. We synthesized and characterized a PnAO derivative, (RR/SS/ meso)-4,8-diaza-3,9-dimethylundecane-2, 10-dione bisoxime(PRODD). Proton-NMR spectroscopy and thin layer chromatography(silica gel) were performed for its characterization. PRODD was labeled with $^{99m}Tc$ using stannous chloride as reducing agent. The labeling efficiency was determined to be about 85%. Brain uptakes of $4.16{\pm}0.42$ %ID/g and $3.24{\pm}0.13$ %ID/g were found after 10min and 30min after intravenous injection. Brain-to-blood ratios were 1.17 and 0.75 at 10 and 30 minutes, which were lower than 1.3 and 1.9 of the ratios with commercial ${\pm}$-HMPAO. Autoradiographs of rat brain sections showed the gray matter to white matter ratios of $1.13{\pm}0.10$ at 30 min after intravenous injection, which was lower than $1.94{\pm}0.19$ of commercial $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO. With the above findings, we concluded that the lipophilic $^{99m}Tc$-PRODD complex was able to cross the blood-brain barrier, however the complex showed lower uptake than $^{99m}Tc$-HMPAO in mouse or rat brains. We could suggest possibility that PRODD could be used as another $^{99m}Tc$ chelator.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1366-1372
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• 2018

Objective: A disintegrin and metallopeptidase with thrombospondin motifs type 8 (ADAMTS8) is crucial for diverse physiological processes, such as inflammation, tissue morphogenesis, and tumorigenesis. The chicken ADAMTS8 (chADAMTS8) gene was differentially expressed in the kidney following exposure to different calcium concentrations, suggesting a pathological role of this protein in metabolic diseases. We aimed to examine the molecular characteristics of chADAMTS8 and analyze the gene-expression differences in response to toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) stimulation. Methods: The ADAMTS8 mRNA and amino acid sequences of various species (chicken, duck, cow, mouse, rat, human, chimpanzee, pig, and horse) were retrieved from the Ensembl database and subjected to bioinformatics analyses. Reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and quantitative PCR (qPCR) experiments were performed with various chicken tissues and the chicken fibroblast DF-1 cell line, which was stimulated with polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]; a TLR3 ligand). Results: The chADAMTS8 gene was predicted to contain three thrombospondin type 1 (TSP1) domains, whose amino acid sequences shared homology among the different species, whereas sequences outside the TSP1 domains (especially the amino-terminal region) were very dif­ferent. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that chADAMTS8 is evolutionarily clustered in the same clade with that of the duck. chADAMTS8 mRNA was broadly expressed in chicken tissues, and the expression was significantly up-regulated in the DF-1 cells in response to poly(I:C) stimulation (p<0.05). These results showed that chADAMTS8 may be a target gene for TLR3 signaling. Conclusion: In this report, the genetic information of chADAMTS8 gene, its expression in chicken tissues, and chicken DF-1 cells under the stimulation of TLR3 were shown. The result suggests that chADAMTS8 expression may be induced by viral infection and correlated with TLR3-mediated signaling pathway. Further study of the function of chADAMTS8 during TLR3-dependent inflammation (which represents RNA viral infection) is needed and it will also be important to examine the molecular mechanisms during different regulation, depending on innate immune receptor activation.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.75-81
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• 2011

Objectives : Magnoliae officinalis Cortex (MOC) has been used in traditional medicine for digestive diseases in Korea, China and Japan. However, Machili thunbergii Cortex (MTC) also has been used as a substitute of MOC in Korea sometimes. Thus, this study was carried out to investigate and compare the effects of MOC and MTC on intestinal motility of isolated small intestinal segments from ICR mouse. Methods : Changes in motility were recorded via isometric transducers connected to a data acquisition system and amplitude, frequency and area under the curve (AUC) of intestinal spontaneous phasic contraction were compared. Results : The MOC extracts ($1{\sim}{\mu}g/mL$) dose-dependently decreased both amplitudes and frequencies of the spontaneous phasic contraction, but not AUC. However, high concentration of MOC (100 ${\mu}g$/mL) evoked tonic contraction. And it was not inhibited by tetrodotoxin, a sodium channel blocker, and nifedipine, a L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel antagonist. These results suggested that MOC (100 ${\mu}g$/mL)-induced tonic contraction is not mediated by nerve or L-type $Ca^{2+}$ channel. On the other hand, the MTC extracts dose-dependently inhibited amplitude and AUC, but not the frequency. Conclusions : Although both MOC and MTC affected intestinal motility, MOC is more effective on intestinal motility than MTC. And MOC has been used as a traditional medicine for a long time but not MTC. Thus, we suggested that MTC should not be used in Korea as a substitute of MOC and MOC might be useful traditional medicine for gastrointestinal disease. The mechanism of MOC is still remained to elucidate.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1996

An experimental study was carried out to observe the effects of radiation on the infectivity of metacercariae of Gymnophalloines seoi to C3H mice. Oysters, the second intermediate host, were collected from an endemic area, and non-irradiated control, metacercaria-irradiation, and oyster-irradiation groups were prepared . One hundred metacercariae were infected orally to each mouse, and worm recovery rate was compared by groups at 7th day post-infection. In the metacercaria-irradiation group, the worm recovery rate was significantly reduced at radiation doses higher than 200 Gy, and the number of intrauterine eggs significantly reduced at doses over 50 Gy. In the oyster- irradiation group, 50 Gy significantly reduced both the worm recovery rate and number of uterine eggs. In the two groups, no worm was recovered at 1,000 Gy irradiation. Conclusively, irradiation of oysters with 200-1,000 Gy was effective to control infectivity of metacercariae to C3H mice, and could be adopted as a control measure for gymno-phalloidiasis.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.35-48
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• 1996

Non-biting midges fchironomidae, Dipteral are one of the largest insect families, which are distributed worldwidely and are found in nearly all types of inland waters. They are known to be aggressive inhalant allergens which cause allergenic diseases. In this study, the crude antigens of Chironomus SavipLumn adults which are most widely distributed in Korea were extracted. and their allergens were analysed with the sera from experimentally sensitized mice. The mice were immunized with $1{\;}\mu\textrm{g}{\;}or{\;}10{\;}\mu\textrm{g}$ of the crude antigens, respectively, and the specific serum IgE levels were measured by both ELISA and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) techniques. The highest levels of both total IgE and chironomid-specific IgE were found in the mouse sera obtained after 9 weeks of the first infection with $1{\;}\mu\textrm{g}$ crude antigen. The crude antigen was separated into 16-18 protein bands on gel by SDS-PAGE. The crude extract was assessed by SDS-PAGE/immunoblot analysis. One IgE-binding band (65 kDa) was detected by developing with colorimetric substrate, and 4 IgE-binding bands (65, 52, 35 and 25 kDa) by developing with CSPD chemiluminescent substrate. The SDS-PAGE gel of the crude extract of chironomid adults was equally cut into 30 pieces and each of them was eluted to isolate proteins by molecular weight, and the allergenicity of each eluate was assessed by applying P-K test on rats. Proteins of 65, 35 and 15 KDa showed the highest P-K titer (${\times}512$) which was 16 times higher than that of the crude extract (${\times32}$). The P-K titer of 52 kDa protein was also 4 times higher ($128{\times}$) than that of the crude extract, whereas the 25 kDa protein poorly responded, which seemed not antigenic. In conclusion, the present result in mice demonstrated that adults of Chironomus fcuiplumus, a predominent species in Korea, cause allergenic diseases and the main allergens are 65, 52, 35 and 15 kDa proteins, of which 65 kDa protein seems to be a main allergen.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-48
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• 1974

생쥐(C3H/JMS)의 한쪽 자궁(子宮)에 봉합계(縫合系)를 삽입한 후 초기배아(初期胚兒)의 발생과정(發生過程), 이동속도(移動速度) 그리고 착상(着床)의 상태를 관찰하였다. 임신한지 2일째 되는 날에 자궁(子宮)에 장치를 받지 않은 쪽에서는 초기배(初期胚)의 일부가 이미 수난정(輸卵精)의 뒷부분에 도달하고 있었으나 장치를 받은 쪽에서는 아직도 수난정(輸卵精) 중부(中部)에 머물러 있었다. 3일째가 되면 대조(對照)가 되는 바른쪽 자궁(子宮)에서는 $8{\sim}16$세포기에 드는 배아(胚兒)가 79%에 이르며 24%는 이미 자궁(子宮)에까지 도달하고 있으나 장치를 한 쪽에서는 $8{\sim}16$세포기의 배아(胚兒)가 69%가 되며 겨우 8.2%만이 자궁(子宮)에 이르고 있다. 4일째가 되면 대조자궁(對照子宮)에서는 전체 배아(胚兒)의 75%가 그리고 장치 자궁(子宮)에서는 61%가 상실배(桑實胚)를 이루며 전자(前者)에서 60%, 후자(後者)에서는 40%가 자궁(子宮)내에 진입하게 된다. 정상적(正常的)인 생쥐에서는 임신 4일이 되면 거의가 배낭기(胚囊期)에 이르는 것으로 알려져 있으나 한쪽 자궁(子宮)에 실을 장치한 생쥐에서는 대조자궁(對照子宮)이거나 장치 자궁(子宮)이거나 모두 배낭(胚囊)의 형성(形成)이 늦어지고 있다. 한 자궁(子宮)당 발견되는 정상배(正常胚)의 평균치(平均値)는 대조구(對照區)에서 6.3정도로 임신 2일에서 4일 사이에 큰 차이가 없으나 처리구(處理區)에서는 2일에서 4일 사이에 6.5에서 3.8로 감소한다. 이상배(異常胚)는 대조구(對照區)에서 2일째에 2.2였던 것이 0.4로 크게 줄지만 처리구(處理區)에서는 대조구(對照區)에서 처럼 급격한 감소를 볼 수 없다. 임신한지 17일 되는 날 대조구(對照區)에서 15개의 자궁(子宮)가운데 한지 2개의 자궁(子宮)만이 착상(着床)흔적을 보였지만 처리구(處理區)에서는 전혀 착상(着床)되었던 흔적을 볼 수 없었다. 결국 생쥐에서는 한 쪽 자궁(子宮)에 이물질(異物質)을 삽입했을 때 장치를 받은 자궁(子宮)뿐 아니라 다른 한 쪽 자궁(子宮)에서도 착상(着床)이 일어나지 않을 뿐 아니라 이상난자(異常卵子)의 발생(發生)을 증가시키며 배아(胚兒)의 난할속도(卵割速度)가 늦어지고 또 배아(胚兒)의 이동(移動)이 늦어진다는 것을 알게 되었다.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.269-275
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• 1996

Biosynthesis and secretion of anterior pituitary hormones are under the control of specific hypothalamic stimulatory and inhibitory factors. Among them, Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone (GHRH) is the major stimulator of pituitary somatotrophs activating GH gene expression and secretion. Human GHRH is a polypeptide of 44 amino acids initially isolated from pancreatic tumors, and the gene for the hypothalamic form of GHRH is organized into 5 exons spanning over 10 kilobases (kb) on genomic DNA and encodes a messenger RNA of 700-750 nucleotides. Several neuropeptides classically associated with the hypothalamus have been found in the extrahypothalamic regions, suggesting the existence of novel sources, targets and functions. GHRH-like immunoreactivity has been found in several peripheral sites, including placenta, testis, and ovary, indicating that GHRH may also have regulatory roles in peripheral reproductive organs. Furthermore, higher molecular weight forms of the GHRH transcripts were identified from these organs (1.75 kb in testis; 1.75 and >3 kb in ovary). These tissue-specific expression of GHRH gene suggest the existence of unique regulatory mechanism of GHRH expression and function in these organs. In fact, placenta-specific and testis-specific promoters for GHRH transcripts which are located in about 10 kb upstream region of hypothalamic promoter were reported. The use of unique promoters in extrahypothalamic sites could be refered in a different control of GHRH gene and different functions of the translated products in these tissues. Somatotrophs and lactotrophs have been thought to be derived from a common bipotential progenitor, the somatolactotrophs, which give origins to either phenotypes. Although the precise mechanism responsible for the lactotroph differentiation in the anterior pituitary gland has not been yet clalified, there are several candidators for the generation of lactotrophs. In human, the presence of GHRH peptides with different size from authentic hypothalamic form in the normal anterior pituitary and several types of adenoma were demonstrated. Recently our group found the existence of immunoreactive GHRH and its transcript from the normal rat anterior pituitary (gonadotroph> somatotroph> lactotroph), and the GHRH treatment evoked the increased proliferation rate of anterior pituitary cells in vitro. The transgenic mouse models clearly shown that GHRH or NGF overexpression by anterior pituitary cells induced development of pituitary hyperplasia and adenomas particularly GH-oma and prolactinoma. Taken together, we hypothesize that the pituitary GHRH could serve not only as a modulator of hormone secretion but as a paracrine or autocrine regulator of anterior pituitary cell proliferation and differentiation. Interestingly enough, the expression of Pit-1 homeobox gene (the POU class transcription factor) was confined to somatotrophs, lactotrophs and somatolactotrophs in which GHRH receptors are expressed commonly. Concerning the mechanism of somatolactotroph and lactotroph differentiation in the anterior pituitary, we have focused following two possibilities; (1) changes in the relative levels or interactions of both hypothalamic and intrapituitary factors such as dopamine, VIP, somatostatin, NGF and GHRH; (2) alterations of GHRH-GHRH receptor signaling and Pit-1 activity may be the cause of lactotroph differentiation or pituitary hyperplasia and adenoma formation. Extensive further studies will be necessary to solve these complicated questions.