• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2016

As a one of unsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have multiple actions: as precursor of prostaglandins (PGs), steroid hormone synthesis and energy production in animal reproduction. PUFAs, which include omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), are derived from the diet and changed by diet, species, breed and season. The plasma membrane of spermatozoa in mammals contain various PUFAs. These composition of PUFAs regulate the membrane fluidity and cause lipid peroxidation via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Induced lipid peroxidation by ROS decreased viability and motility of spermatozoa, and it is reduced by addition of antioxidant and low concentration of PUFAs. Because oocytes of animal have a high lipid components, process of oocyte maturation and embryo development are influenced by PUFAs. In in vitro study, oocyte maturation, embryo development, intracellular cAMP and MAPK activity were increased by treatment of n-3 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA) during maturation, whereas n-6 linoleic acid (LA) negatively influenced. Also, inhibition of fatty acid metabolism in oocyte influenced blastocyst formation of cattle. PGs are synthesized from PUFAs and various PUFAs influence PGs via regulation of PG-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS). Steroid hormone synthesis from cholesterol is regulated by expression of steroid acute regulator (StAR) protein and mRNA. Exogenous n-3 and n-6 PUFAs altered sex hormone in animal through stimulate or inhibit StAR activity. Because PUFAs altered PG and steroid hormone synthesis, follicular development was influenced by PUFAs. This effect of unsaturated fatty acid could provide information for improvement of reproductive ability in animals.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.182-187
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) has been shown to generally decrease levels of innate immune markers and inflammatory cytokines, but the specific associations between blood levels of PUFAs and those of innate immune markers have not been investigated. Thus, the present study was conducted to test the hypothesis that innate immune markers as well as cytokines are negatively associated with n-3 PUFAs but positively associated with n-6 PUFAs in healthy adults. MATERIALS/METHODS: One hundred sixty-five healthy Korean adults aged 25-70 years old were included in this cross-sectional study. RESULTS: Serum levels of n-3 PUFAs, such as 18:3n3, 20:5n3, 22:5n3, and 22:6n3 were negatively correlated with eosinophil and basophil counts and $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, and IL-10 levels. Multivariate analysis also showed that serum levels of n-3 PUFAs were negatively associated with monocyte, eosinophil, and basophil counts and $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, and IL-12 levels. Additionally, the ratio of 20:4n6 to 20:5n3 was positively correlated with eosinophil counts and associated with $TNF-{\alpha}$, $IFN-{\gamma}$, and IL-4 levels. However, NK cell activity was not associated with serum fatty acid composition. CONCLUSIONS: Innate immune markers such as eosinophil, monocyte, and basophil counts were inversely associated with serum levels of n-3 PUFAs, but were positively associated with the 20:4n6/20:5n3 ratio in this population.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.259-263
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• 1999

Fish oil was hydrolyzed with Aspergillus oryzae lipase, Lipolase-100T. The hydrolysis characteristics of Lipolsae-100T were investigated. Lipolase-100T showed 1,3-positional specificity which hydrolyzed acyl chains combined on the 1 or 3 position of triglyceride into free fatty acids. Lipolase-100T represented another property that the saturated fatty acids composing the triglyceride were hydrolyzed more easily that the polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFAs). n-3 PUFAs, such as C16:4, C20:5 and C22:6, were hardly hydrolyzed, so that the concentrations of those in the mixture of glycerides were increased according to hydrolysis time. Especially docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), C22:6 showed the highest increase in the concentration. This result explained that n-3 PUFAs were combined on 2-position of triglyceride. When the hydrolysis of fish oil with Lipolase-100T 0.4 wt% was performed for 120 hr, n-3 PUFAs wt% was increased to 50 wt% in the mixture of glycerides. This result was obtained due to the 1,3-positional specificity of Lipolase-100T and positional specificity of n-3 PUFAs.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.90-95
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• 1998

Experiments on the process development for the concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) from fish oil by using acyl chain specificity of Candida cylindracea lipase were performed. Five kinds of oils were hydrolyzed with Candida cylindracea lipase. Among then, Candida cylindracea lipase just had low activity on the PUFAs-rich fish oil. After the hydrolysis of fish oil, free fatty acid was removed and fatty acid components of glyceride mixtures were analyzed. When the hydrolysis was about 70%, the DHA content in the glyceride mixture was about three times more than that in the original fish oil. The EPA and stearidonic acid contents in the glyceride mixtures, however, were similar to that of the original fish oil. In this work, these results showed that the concentration process of PUFAs by using the acyl chain specificity of Candida cylindreacea lipase was effective in producing glycerides that contained a high concentration of PUFAs in good yield.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.10b
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• pp.151.1-151.1
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• 2003

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play many important physiological roles on cellular process through the regulations of intracellular signaling. Recent clinical studies suggest that PUFAs such as n-3 fatty acids (docosahexaenoic acid, 22:6 and a-lnolenic acid, 18:3) may reduce the risk of incident Alzheimer's disease (AD). And also the reports regarding the decrease of n-3 fatty acids in AD brain support the correlation between PUFAs and AD. AD is a neurodegenerative disorder with pathological hallmarks of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. (omitted)

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.637-649
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• 2017

Lipid levels and fatty acid compositions of 20 species of subtropical fish caught off the coast of Jeju Island, Korea were determined. The fish were categorized according to total lipid (TL) content as follows; lean fish ($TL=1.19{\pm}0.32%$, n=10 species), low-fat fish ($TL=3.02{\pm}0.44%$, n=6 species) and medium-fat fish ($TL=6.87{\pm}1.23%$, n=4 species). The prominent fatty acids were saturated fatty acids (SFAs), at 16:0 and 18:0 monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs), at 18:1n-9 and 16:1n-7, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), at 22:6n-3, 20:5n-3 and/or 20:4n-6. Across all species, the percentages of PUFAs and SFAs were $38.0{\pm}7.89%$ and $34.3{\pm}3.08%$, respectively, with no significant difference between both groups (P<0.05), but showed higher proportions than that of MUFA group ($27.8{\pm}7.23%$) (P<0.05). The proportion of n-3 PUFAs was $27.1{\pm}8.68%$ across all fish species, similar to levels in other fishes from Korea. These results suggest that subtropical fish from Jeju Island are a good source of n-3 PUFAs for humans.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2009

Acidolysis of olive oil with omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was carried out to produce a structured lipid. Novozym $435^{(R)}$ from Candida antarctica was used as the biocatalyst. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimum conditions for lipase-catalyzed enrichment of olive oil. Three factors, 5 levels, central composite design was used. The effects of incubation time, temperature, and substrate mole ratio on incorporation ratio (n-3 fatty acids/total fatty acids, %) were investigated. From the evaluation of response surface graphs, the optimal conditions for incorporation of long chain n-3 PUFAs into olive oil were $40-60^{\circ}C$ for temperature, 30-45 hr for reaction time, and 3:1-5:1 (n-3 fatty acids/olive oil) for substrate mole ratio. Experiments conducted under optimized conditions predicted by the model equation obtained from RSM yielded structured lipids with 50.8% n-3 PUFAs. This value agreed well with that predicted by the model. Oxidative stability tests showed that the product was more susceptible to oxidation than unmodified olive oil. Antioxidant addition improved the oxidative stability of the product.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 1991

Twenty college women were led experimental diet which composed ot basal diet plus different kinds of dietary rats at 27% Cal. Equal amount of 13.5g of corn oil, perilla oil or fish oil was supplied for 2 weeks as a source of n6 linoleic acid(LA). n3 $\alpha$-linolenic acid (LL). or n3 EPA + DHA. respectively. Plasma total Chol level was reduced by perilla and fish oils, significantly only by fish oil. Plasma Chol level was rather increased by corn oil(P<0.05), but was decreased by double amount of corn oil supplement. Therefore, hypocholesterolemic effect of fatty acids was in the order of n3 EPA+DHA>n3 LL>n6 LA and influenced by the degree of fat unsaturation. Plasma TG level was also significantly decreased by n3 EPA+ DHA and increased by n6 LA. Hypotriglyceridemic effect of fatty acids was also in the order of n3 EPA + DHA> n3 LL>n6 LA and influenced by the unsaturation. However, the reduction of plasma TG was more influenced by the fatty acid structure rather than the fat unsaturation. There were no significant effects on lipoprotein pattern 3nd chemical compositions of lipoprotein by different dietary PUFAs. but fish oil diet significantly increased the relative proportion of HDL-Chol. In conclusion. cholesterol- lowering effect of dietary PUFAS seemed to be a function of total fat unsaturation but hypotriglyceridemic effect seemed to be more linked to the ratty acid structure rather than the degree of unsaturation. The hypolipidemic effect of n3 PUFAs was significant so that fish oil or perilla oil may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of atherosclerotic disease.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2002

This study was carried out to identify the effect of oxidative stress on the pathogenesis of manganese intoxication. Five rats in experimental group were given with $MnCl_2$intraperitoneally for 4 weeks(4 mg/kg once daily 5 days per week) and another five rats for control group were given with normal saline. In experimental group, manganese concentrations increased significantly in nucleus accumbens by 142% (p<0.05), SOD activities increased significantly by 124%(p<0.01), and MDA concentrations increased significantly 148%(p<0.05) compared with control group. Among fatty acids, total n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PU) increased significantly by 231%(p<0.05) compared with control group. Arachidonic acids(AA) increased by 224%(p<0.05), and these increase were composed mostly of n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA). Among n-3 PUFAs except linolenic acids, eicosapentanolc acid(EPA) decreased significantly by 38%(p 0.01) and docosahexanoic acids(DHA) decreased by 30% p<0.05) compared with control group. Our results suggest that the oxygen free radicals produced by manganese may cause compositional changes of fBtty acids in nucleus accumbens of the rat. Characteristics of fatty acids compositional changes by manganese were the decrease of EPAs and DHAs(n-3 PUFAs), and increase of AAs(n-6 PUFAs). These changes with the increase of MDA, suggest that manganese neurotokxcity is caused by lipid perokidation mediated with oxygen free radicals, especially superoxide radicals.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.63-68
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• 2016

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on eruptive movement during tooth development. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rat pups were randomly divided into two groups; control group and experimental group. The experimental group was administered daily with n-3 PUFA by intraperitoneal (IP) injection. After 10 days postpartum, rat pups were sacrificed to evaluate the effect of n-3 PUFA on eruptive tooth movement. Histological analyses were by hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) assay was performed to compare the osteoclast distribution in the bone matrix above the developing molar teeth. Incisor teeth eruptions were noticeably observed in IP group, as compared to control group. Rat pups in IP group showed faster tooth eruption on day 8 after birth. Through histological analyses, IP group showed thinner bone matrix and more osteoclasts above the $1^{st}$ molar teeth, as compared to control group. TRAP assay showed significantly stronger stained pattern that the osteoclast above the $1^{st}$ molar teeth in IP group, as compared to control group. The results suggested that n-3 PUFA could affect osteoclastic activity involved in bony remodeling during eruptive tooth movement.