• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.32 no.1
• /
• pp.88-95
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study is to identify the species of wood members used in the Keunjungjeon Hall, main building of the Kyungbok palace in Seoul. The total 144 samples consist of 52 from pillars and 92 from other wood members. Only two species were identified, which were Abies holophylla Max. (needle fir) and Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc. (Japanese red pine). For the pillars, A. holophylla were more abundantly used than P. densiflora. Among 20 outer pillars ('Pyeongju'), 11 were A. holophylla, and 9 were P. densiflora. Among 12 inner pillars ('Naejinkoju'), 7 were A. holophylla, and 5 were P. densiflora. Among 4 inner corner pillars ('Gwikoju'), 3 were A. holophylla and 1 was P. densiflora. For 92 other wood members, only 2 purlins were A. holophylla and the others were all P. densiflora. The results suggest that the common opinion 'Palace buildings of Korea are made from red pine woods' should be corrected. We think that fir logs might be used for the pillars instead of pines because long and straight pines were not available during 1860s due to heavy utilization of pines as construction and fuel materials in the late Chosun period.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.27 no.2
• /
• pp.244-251
• /
• 1998

To understand the effect of supplement of water extract of pine needle(WEPN) on shelf-life enhancement of the kimchi, activities of four enzymes and number of lactic acid bacteria, during fermentation of the kimchi, were assayed. Enzyme activities of kimchi fermented for 7 days with supplement by 2% water extract of pine needle showed amylase of 86.4%, protease of 85.8%, polygalacturonase of 61.5% and $\beta$-galactosidase of 58.8% against the control kimchi. WEPN showed weak inhibitory effect when it was applied to the isolated enzymes in vitro then those menifested by the kimchi in vivo. Number of total bacterial cell of WEPN supplemented kimchi increased by 10 folds than control between 7 to 14 days of fermentation. On contrast, number of lactic acid bacteria decreased maximaly to 21% of control by fermentation. The clear zone formed on paper disk by WEPN against L. plantarum was larger than that of Leu. mesenteroides.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.926-930
• /
• 2003

Effects of powdered pine needle (Pinus densiflora seib et Zucc) on serum and liver lipid composition and antioxidative capacity were investigated in rat fed high oxidized fat. Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 161.25$\pm$2.51 g were blocked into four groups according to body weight and raised seven weeks with basal diet (normal group, I), basal diet and 10% oxidized fat (control group, II), basal diet, 10% oxidized fat and 2% powdered pine needle (2% powdered pine needle group, III) and basal diet, 10% oxidized fat and 3% powdered pine needle (3% powdered pine needle group, IV). Food intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency were not significantly different among oxidized fat diet groups. The level of plasma total cholesterol showed a tendency to decrease, whereas the plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration revealed a tendency to increase in pine needle groups. However plasma triglyceride level showed no significant differences in the treatment groups. Intake of the oxidized fat has increased the levels of liver cholesterol and triglyceride. The powdered pine needle showed a tendency to decrease thiobarbituric acid values in plasma and liver. The pine needle samples have also decreased the plasma GOT and GPT activities, whereas they have increased the liver glutathione peroxidase activity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
• /
• v.20 no.5
• /
• pp.442-445
• /
• 2007

Seedlings height of hybrids varied depending on mating combinations. Among the progenies from the mating combination, P. thunbergii(CN4)$\times$P. densiflora(KW29) showed the best plant growth. The mean height of this combination was 521 cm at the age of 8 years(yrs), which was 9% higher than rest of the crosses. Seedlings height of progenies using P. thunbergii(JN37) as mother tree showed 28%, 33%, and 29% higher than those of open-pollinated progenies of the mother tree at the ages of 4yrs, 6yrs, and 8yrs, respectively. On the other hand, using P. densiflora (KB5) as father tree showed 45%, 48%, and 32% higher than those of open-pollinated progenies of the father tree. This result may be caused by hybrid vigor.

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• v.2 no.2
• /
• pp.1-21
• /
• 1959

1. The plant communities on Mt. Sulak, a typical alpine mountain in central Korea was researched from the standpoint of ecological survey. 2. The plant on this mountain can largely be classified into 2 categories, the warm zone (below 1100m) and the frigid zone. The former is again classified into a broad-leaved tree formation and a needle-leved tree formation, and the latter is calssified into a broad-leaved tree formation and needle-leaved tree formation, and shrub formation. 3. The broad-leaved tree formation in the warm zone can largely be classified into a Carpinus laxiflora-syringa Palibiniana var. kanibayashi association(1), a Carpinus erosa-Acer Pseudo-sieboldianun association(2), and a Quercus mongolica- Tripterygium Regelii association(3). 4. The needle-leaved tree formation in the warm zone can also largely ben classified into a Pinus densiflora- Miscanthus sinensis association(4), Abies holophylla- Tripterygium regelii association(5), Pinus kordiensis- Rhododendron schlippenbachii association(6) In the association(4), the canopy of the Pinus densiflora is gradually being occupied by the Quercus mongolica which is one kind of broad-leaved trees. 5. We can fully see a DryoPteris type of the flour layer plant type in the association (3) and also see a Sasamorpha type in the association (5). 6. The broad-leaved tree formation in the frigid zone can largely be classified into Quercus mongolica- Rhododendron schlippenbachii association (8). The constituents of tree and subtree layers in (7) and (8) associations are similar to those association (3), but the constituents of the shrub layer are different from those of associtation (3) due to the difference in height. 7. The needle-leaved formation in the frigid zone can largely be classified into Thuja koraiensisRodgersia podophylla var. viritis association (9) and Abies nephrolepis-Acer tschonoskii var. rubripes asscciation (10). The species of alpine plants or subalpine plants are gradually increased in this formation. 8. The shrub formation can also largely be classified into a Rhododendron mucronulatum- Patrinia saniculaefolia association (11) and Pinus pumila associatio (12). Association (12) has largely developed on the windy place. Association (12) was burned due to the bombing during the Korean war, but now we recoginized there occurred an invasion of Tripterygium Regelii in such a place. 9. The herb layer species which constitute the shrub formation are mostly alpine or subalpine plants of small size, and their kinds are also very few. 10. The growth of the Moss layer is especially good because of the varied conditions of the habitat. The kinds which can easily be seen are the genus of Thunidium, Haplocladium, Brachythecium, Macromitrium, Holonitrium, Atrichum, Schwstchkeopsis, Grimmia, Hedwigia, Rhynchostegium and Mnium. 11. The genus of the Sphagnum densly grows like a mat at the acid and moisturous place above 1100m. The authors should express their thanks to father. Yang Kisup, Dean of Catholic Medical College, Prof. Yoon Doksuen, from their valuable advice. Thanks arealso due to Prof. Numata, Chiba University, Prof. Takagi, Nagoya University and Prof. Ando, Hiroshima University in Japan for his kind help and identification of Bryophytes.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.22 no.6
• /
• pp.636-641
• /
• 2011

Since the mid-1990s, the number of fires continue to increase and the size has been also larger. However, the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of the various species of the medium such as fallen leaves, herbaceous plants, conifers and broadleaf trees have scarcely been studied. In this paper, we investigate the pyrolysis and combustion of the typical domestic needle-leaf tree of Pinus densiflora and thinning-out tree by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Pinus densiflora was ignited at $200^{\circ}C$ and pyrolysis from $230^{\circ}C$. In case of thinning-out tree was ignited and pyrolysis at $180^{\circ}C$ and $205^{\circ}C$, respectively. The values of activation energy for pyrolysis were increased as the conversion efficiency increasing from 10% to 80%, whereas the values was decreased during combustion.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.23-29
• /
• 1998

This study was carried out to develop the regression model for estimating biomass of natural Pinus densiflora forests by stand density in northeast Chinese area of Mt. Paekdu. Four allometric regression models(W=aD$^b$, W=a(D$^2$H)$^b$. logW=a+b$\cdot$ logD+cD and logW=a+b$\cdot$log(D$^2$H)+c(D$^2$H)) were used to estimate biomass for each of the tree components. The suitable regression model for estimating biomass of stem, bark and whole tree above ground was logW=a+b$\cdot$log(D$^2$H)+c(D$^2$H), and that for biomass of branch, needle and needle area, logW=a+b$\cdot$logD+cD for all of the stand density classes.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.371-376
• /
• 1997

This study was edsigne to investgate the effect of pine needle extract (PNE) on lipid adn oxygen radical metabolisms in serum of Sprague-Dawly (SD). Pine(Pinus densiflora Sieb et Zucc.) is one of the popular plant drugs which gas been used as a medicine in Asia. Male SD rats were fed basic (control group) and experimental diets(RGE group) with 0.5 and 1.0% of PNE for 6 weeks. Body weights gain in 0.5-PNE and 1.0-PNE groups were slightly lower than that in control group, but ther is no significant differences brtween these groups. Total energy intake, feed and gross efficiencies showed almost no change in these groups. Total cholesterol and triglyceride (TG) levels in serumof SD rats in .50-PNE and 0.1-PNE froups sho9wed almost no change colpared with control group. Serum LDL-cholesterol levels significantly decreased (12%) in 0.5-PNE group, while serum HDL-cholesterol levels significantly increased(14%) in 1.0-PNE group compared with control group. Malondialdehyde (MDA) and lipid peroxide (LPO) levels in 50-PNE and 0.1-PNE groups were significantly lower (17 and 13%, 24% and 12%, respectively) than those in control group. Superoxide disumutase (SOD) activity in 50-PNE and 0.1-PNE groups significantly increased about 30 to 15% compared with control group. There results suggest that lower LDL-cholesterol and LPO levels, higher HDL-cholsterol level, and higher SOD activity in serum of rats may be effectively modulated by administration of pine needle extract(PNE).

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.30 no.1
• /
• pp.63-68
• /
• 2007

Litter production, nutrient contents of each component of litterfall and amount of nutrients returned to forest floor via litterfall were investigated from May 2005 through April 2006 in Quercus mongolica, Quercus variabilis and Pinus densiflora forests at Mt. Worak National Park. Total amount of litterfall during one year in Q. mongolica, Q. variabilis and P. densiflora forests was 542.7, 459.2 and $306.9\;g\;m^{-2}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. Of the total litterfall, leaf litter, branch and bark, reproductive organ and the others occupied 50.3%, 22.7%, 10.1 % and 16.9% in Q. mongolica forest, 81.9%, 7.2%, 3.1% and 7.9% in Q. variabilis forest, 57.4%, 12.8%, 5.6% and 24.1 % in P. densiflora forest, respectively. Nutrients concentrations in oak litterfall were higher than those in needle litter. N, P, K, Ca and Mg concentration in leaf litterfall were 13.8, 1.1, 7.2, 4.2 and 1.3 mg/g for Q. mongolica forest, 10.5, 0.7, 3.2, 3.7 and 1.6 mg/g for Q. variabilis forest, 5.3, 0.4, 1.2, 2.8 and 0.6mg/g for P. densiflora forest, respectively. The amount of annual input of N, P, K, Ca and Mg to the forest floor via litterfall was 43.36, 2.89, 21.38, 23.31 and $5.62\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for Q. mongolica forest, 32.28, 2.01, 10.23, 20.29 and $7.78\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for Q. variabilis forest, 15.80, 1.04, 3.99, 9.70 and $2.10\;kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ for P. densiflora forest, respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.11-16
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this paper is to present a summary of assignment design values according to domestic softwood structural lumber grading rules. Allowable stresses for visually graded lumber were determined from basic data on small. clear specimens. The data corrected for variability such as natural defects and other factors. The procedure adopted by Japan was used for assigning allowable design values. Strength ratios in relation to each defect were taken from ASTM D 245-81. Korean pine(Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.), Korean red pine(Pinus densiflora S. et Z.), Japanese larch(Larix leptolepis Gordon) and Needle fir(Abies holophylla Max) were applied to this study. The calculated allowable stresses were same in Korean pine and Korean red pine. These values were highest in Japanese larch lowest in Needle fir. So, it is desirable for these species to be classified into different catagories Species Group. However, accurate comparison in design values on lumber grading rules among U.S., Japan and Korea was somewhat difficult. And full scale testing will be necessary for accurate determination of the correction factors to setting up design values.