• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.790-795
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-oxidative effects of fermented Hibiscus syriacus extract on obese mice. The antioxidant experiments were conducted both in vivo and in vitro. The in vitro experiment was measured through the use of nitric oxide (NO) free radical scavenging activity. The results showed that the scavenging activity of the NO free radical in fermented Hibiscus syriacus extract had higher activity than unfermented Hibiscus syriacus extract. The in vivo experiments were divided into a normal dietary group, a high fat dietary group (CON), a high fat dietary + fermented Hibiscus syriacus extract group (FH), and a high fat dietary + unfermented Hibiscus syriacus extract group. These four groups received intraperitoneal administrations for four weeks. Next, the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in a liver homogenate were measured. The results showed that the levels of SOD and CAT in FH were higher than the CON and MDA levels, which were significantly decreased in FH. Consequently, fermented Hibiscus syriacus extract had an inhibitive effect on oxidative stress and a heightening effect on antioxidant enzyme activity in obese mice, suggesting that fermented Hibiscus syriacus extract could be utilized as a useful, natural antioxidant.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.699-705
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• 2000

The superoxide scavenging activities of thirteen kinds of herbal extracts were examined together with their cytotoxic and immunomodulating effects. The extracts of 6 kinds of herbs such as eucalyptus, mate, peppermint, sage, thyme and yarrow, so called medicinal herbs, showed above 70% of the superoxide scavenging activities. They also showed cytotoxicities against the cancer cell lines of Hepa-1c1c7 and KB-3-1 as well as the normal fibroblast cell line of mouse. The $IC_{50}$ values of above 6 herb extracts on the cancer cell lines were above or similar to the $IC_{50}$ values on the normal cell line, so it was unable to observe the herb extract which showed cytotoxicity only to the cancer cell lines. Considering the results of nitric oxide test that the sage extract was the only one having the immunomodulating effect(37% of positive control), there was no significant relationship between the superoxide scavenging activities of herbs and their immunomodulating effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.488-492
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• 2003

Yeast cell wall mutant, Saccharomyces cerevisiae IS2 was screened by the NTG treatment of Saccharomyces cerevisiae KCTC 7911. The mutant was highly resistant to zymolase, which specifically degrades ${\beta}$-1,3-D-glucose chain of ${\beta}$-glucan and mechanical disruption by glass beads. These phenomena demonstrate that the yeast mutant has cell wall structure different from the wild-type. The ${\beta}$-glucan of yeast mutant and wild-type strains was recovered by sequential extraction with NaOH. The injection of ${\beta}$-glucan into the abdominal cavity of mouse resulted in an increase in the number of peritoneal immune cells, NO (nitric oxide) production, and phagocytic activity of macrophage. The number of immune cells was found to be $3.90{\times}10^6\;cells/10\;mL$ and $5.48{\times}10^6\;cells/10\;mL$ with the wild-type and mutant ${\beta}$-glucan, respectively. The effect on the NO production and phagocytic activity of mutant ${\beta}$-glucan were 1.69 and 1.43-fold higher than those of wild-type. These results indicate that the immuno-stimulating activity of alternated ${\beta}$-glucan from mutant yeast is higher than that of wild-type.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.37-50
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study was to know the effects of Danggwisayeok-tang (Dangguisinitang) extract (DGSYT) on monosodium iodoacetate (MIA)-induced rat osteoarthritis. Methods For this purpose, rats were divided into 5 groups. Normal group was not injected with MIA and orally administered any medication. Control group was injected with MIA and not orally administered any medication. DGSYT100 group was injected with MIA and orally administered 100 mg/kg of DGSYT. DGSYT300 group was injected with MIA and orally administered 300 mg/kg of DGSYT. JoinsT group was injected with MIA and orally administered 20 mg/kg of Joins tablet. DGSYT100 and DGSYT300 groups were orally administered DGSYT during a week before and 3 weeks after based on the day MIA injected. The changes of hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, relative hind paw weight distribution, cytokine in serum, cytokine messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) in joint tissue and histopathological observation (Hematoxylin & Eosin and Safranin-O staining) were measured. Results Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels of DGSYT100, DGSYT300 and JoinsT groups were increased significantly, but these results were within normal range. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatinine levels of all groups were not changed significantly. In the change of relative hind paw weight distribution, DGSYT300 and JoinsT groups were decreased significantly 14 and 21 days after MIA injected. Interleukin-$1{\beta}$ (IL-$1{\beta}$) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), Leukotriene $B_4$ and Osteocalcin levels of DGSYT300 and JoinsT groups were decreased significantly. In measurement of IL-$1{\beta}$ and nitric oxide synthase-II mRNA relative quantitative of control, DGSYT100, DGSYT300 and JoinsT groups were decreased significantly. In measurement of TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-6 and Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA relative quantitative of control, DGSYT300 and JoinsT groups was decreased significantly. In histopathological observation of knee, synovial tissue, cartilage and proteoglycan of DGSYT100, DGSYT300 and JoinsT were well preserved compared with control group. Conclusions According to the results, DGSYT has anti-inflammation and pain relief effects. So it should be suppressed progression of arthritis in MIA-induced osteoarthritis rat.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.57-74
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• 2005

Objective : Frutus gardeniae, seed of Gardenia jasminoides Ellis is one of the crude drugs used for the treatment of inflammatory condition in oriental medicine. Methodes : The present study aimed to examine the analgesic effect and anti-inflammatory effect of Frutus gardeniae extract (FGE) on a rat model of ankle sprain pain, and the relations between FGE-induced effect and endogenous nitric oxide (NO) and inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and c-Fos protein expression in the spinal cord. As a chronic pain model, ankle sprain pain model was used to test the effect of FCE injection applied to acupuncture point. After the induction of ankle sprain, rats subsequently showed a reduced stepping force of the affected limb for at least the next 4 days. The reduced stepping force of the limb was presumably due to a painful knee. FGE dissolved in normal saline was injected several acupoints. Results : After the treatment, behavioral tests measuring stepping force were periodically conducted during the next 8 hours. FGE produced significant improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the ankle sprain lasting at least 4 hours. FGE produced the improvement of stepping force of the affected hindlimb in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, FGE injection showed inhibitory effect on the paw edema induced by ankle sprain. Both NO production and iNOS, COX-2 protein expression increased by ankle sprain were suppressed by FGE. FGE on combination with electroacupuncture (EA) produced more powerful and longer lasting improvement of stepping force of the hindlimb affected by the ankle sprain than either FGE or EA did. The present study suggest that FGE produces a potent analgesic effect on the ankle sprain pain model of the rat and that FGE-induced analgesia modulate endogenous NO through the suppression of iNOS/COX-2 protein expression.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.93-102
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• 2017

In this study, various plant extracts were screened for the effective and safe skin care ingredient according to the antioxidant activity assay guidelines. We selected an optimized combination herbal extract, Charmzone extract (CZE), which composed of Nelumbo nucifera leaves, Saururus chinensis and Orostachys japonica. CZE exerted free radical scavenging activity. It reduced reactive oxygen species formation and increased total antioxidant capacities in human keratinocyte (HaCaT) and normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF). CZE also leaded procollagen type 1 secretion in NHDF and decreased cellular melanin contents in B16F10. The production of nitric oxide was decreased by CZE in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 in a dose dependent manner. Therefore, it is concluded that CZE can be applied for naturally derived anti-aging functional skin care ingredient for anti-oxidation, wrinkle enhancement, whitening, anti-inflammation and wound healing of skin.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.103-114
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• 2017

Gnaphalium affine D. DON (GA) has been used as a vegetable as well as a folk medicine in East Asia. The antioxidant and anti-complementary activity of GA extract (GAE) has also been reported. However, little is known about its anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic effect and mechanism of action. In this study, we evaluated the inhibitory effects of GAE on the production of inflammatory mediators such as NO, $PGE_2$, TLR4, eotaxin-1 and histamine. Our results suggest that GAE inhibits the production of NO and $PGE_2$ by inhibiting transcriptional activation via the involvement of iNOS and COX-2. The LPS-induced expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) was also attenuated. In addition, GAE inhibited A23187-induced histamine release from MC/9 mast cells. It also inhibited the production of eotaxin-1 induced by IL-4. Collectively, these results suggest that GAE may have considerable potential as a cosmetic ingredient with anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.119-131
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• 2020

If human skin is exposed to high concentrations of particulate matter (PM_2.5 and PM₁₀) for a long time in the outdoor environment such as subway tunnel, it will be adversely affected. In particular, fine particles can damage the skin, causing inflammation and allergic reactions. This study investigated the ability of evening primrose root (EEPR) extract to suppress the skin damages caused by the fine particles. PM was collected from a subway tunnel, where high concentrations have been reported per day over the course of a study. The EEPR had higher antioxidant activity than that of control group (62.6%). The mixture of EEPR and PM inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), thereby alleviating skin inflammation caused by fine particle dust. EEPR had weaker cytotoxic activity than the positive control. When cells were exposed to particulate-type dust (PM₁₀), the levels of free radicals were decreased with the increased concentrations of the extract (5, 10, 20 ㎍/mL). While at the same time more effective than positive controls. Therefore, this study proved that the Moonlight flower root extract can be used as a cosmetic material for skin by providing an effect to alleviate skin damage caused by fine particle-type dust.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.159-166
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• 2020

Propolis is a sticky resinous substance that is formed by the combination of honeybee secretions and resin of plants, which serves to protect from bacteria and viruses. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of propolis extract from Korea (KPE), China (CPE), and Brazil (BPE) through antioxidant, antibacterial, whitening, and anti-inflammatory tests, and to examine their potential as cosmetic materials. KPE, CPE, and BPE showed significant antioxidant activities on flavonoid/polyphenol content and free radical scavenging activity. The antibacterial effect of propolis on skin flora was determined by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC). KPE showed better antibacterial efficacy than CPE and BPE in C. acnes (KPE, CPE, and BPE: (62.5, 250, and 500) ㎍/mL, respectively). Furthermore, KPE inhibited the melanin synthesis in human epidermal melanocytes and production of nitric oxide and PGE₂ induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in mouse macrophages, which showed better than did CPE or BPE. Taken together, the propolis extracts can be applied to antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory ingredient for cosmetics, while KPE showed superior potential in antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, and whitening efficacies.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.41-48
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• 2006

In the browning reaction of Korean ginseng, it appears that enzymatic and non-enzymatic browning reaction occurred In initial stage of steaming fresh ginseng at low temperature, and then non-enzymatic browning reaction followed in the drying period after steaming. Browning reaction of red ginseng occurred between $60{\sim}90$ min of steaming at $100^{\circ}C$, and browning pigments of red ginseng were mostly water soluble substances. The structural characteristics of water soluble browning reaction products(WS-BRPs) isolated from Korean red ginseng were showed the presence of hydroxyl, amide carbonyl and aliphatic methane groups. From sugar analysis it was identified that L and S-1, melanoidins isolated from red ginseng, contained two kinds of sugars, glucose and xylose, and the other melanoidin S-2 contained the previous and fructose. In order to find out pertinent methods for the acceleration of browning during ginseng processing, various treatment were made on fresh ginseng with sugars, amino acids and inorganic nitrogenous compounds and the extent of browning was measured. Among sugar tested, maltose resulted in the greatest acceleration of browning followed in decreasing order by glucose and lactose, whereas pentoses, fructose, sucrose and raffinose had negligible effect. A marked browning occurred in ginseng treated with basic amino acids, while the extent of browning was not greatly increased when ginseng was treated with aliphatic amino acids, hydroxyl amino acids, or acidic amino acids. The brown color intensity gradually increased with an increase of glucose concentration far up to 0.5M. L, S-1, and S-2 were found to have an ability to donate hydrogen to DPPH, and also they had anti-oxidative activity in the experiments of hydrogen peroxide scavenging, inhibitory activity in the formation of MDA from linoleic acid, auto oxidation of ok-brain homogenates, lipid peroxidation by the enzymatic and non-enzymatic system in liver microsome fraction, and mitochondrial fraction etc. The amounts of acidic polysaccharide(AP) in red ginseng were higher than those of wild and cultured Panax quinquefolius, Panax notoginseng as well as white ginseng (Panax ginseng). In white ginseng, the AP amount is no difference in root ages or sizes, also, the AP amount of ginseng body was similar to that of rhizome, but was higher than that of leaf and epidermis. Addition of red ginseng acidic polysaccharide(RGAP) increased production of nitric oxide(NO) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-$\alpha$ in the rodent macrophage cultures, and treatment of RGAP in vivo stimulated tumoricidal activities of natural killer (NK) cells.