• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.8
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• pp.740-745
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• 2007

Purpose : There is a dominant opinion that in vitro fertilization (IVF) leads to an increased incidence of twins, low birth weight (LBW) infants, prematurity and mortality. On the other hand, technical development of IVF and improvement of neonatal intensive care have increased the survival rate of neonates. The purpose of this study was to verify the tendency by comparing the clinical aspects of IVF and spontaneously conceived twins, and to establish methods to increase the survival rate of neonates after IVF. Methods : Retrospective reviews were performed on all twin infants who were admitted to the nursery and NICU at Kangnam Sacred Heart Hospital, Hallym University from January 1, 2000 to December 31, 2006. Medical records of IVF twins (study group, n=92) and spontaneously conceived twins (control group, n=265) were analyzed and compared. Neonatal outcomes and complications, as well as obstetric outcomes, were analyzed and compared. Results : Mean gestational age and birth weight of the study group ($34.6{\pm}3.5$ weeks, $2,203.9{\pm}617.2g$) were considerably lower than those of the control group ($36.3{\pm}2.4$ weeks, $2,367.0{\pm}517.9g$). The frequency of prematurity less than 37 weeks (68.5% vs 51.3%) and extremely LBW (15.2% vs 6.4%) were also significantly higher in the study group. Other neonatal outcomes were all insignificant. The obstetric characteristics, maternal age ($32.6{\pm}3.3$ years vs $30.3{\pm}3.9$ years) and the frequency of cesarean delivery(95.7% vs 79.9%) were significantly higher in the study group. Other obstetric outcomes were insignificant except for the frequency of incompetent internal os of cervix (36.2% vs 3.6%) and cerclage operation (38.3% vs 4.3%). Conclusion : Based on the above results, clinical outcomes of twin infants will be further improved by careful attention and thorough antenatal care of the IVF twins.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.254-259
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• 2012

Peeling damage of trees is usually caused by Cervidae such as deer, roe deer because of the lack of food in forests. However, it happens as part of the developing of antlers in Jeju Island when the roe deer try to remove the Velvet-the skin of the antlers. The research area is the Hannam experimental forest (400 m up to 500 m above sea level) of Korea Forest Research Institute in Jeju Island, and the survey was carried out along the 6 km long of forest road with 5 m width on both sides. Twenty five tree species (total 267 stands) are damaged by peeling; 18 (134 stands) deciduous broad-leaved species, 5 (71 stands) in evergreen broad-leaved species, 2 (62 stands) coniferous species. The most common damaged species are in order of Daphniphyllum macropodum, Cryptomeria japonica, Lindera erythrocarpa, Clerodendrum trichotomum, Zanthoxylum schinifolium. Mainly damaged trees are approximately 3~4 years old saplings, and they show the mean height $120.7{\pm}42.4cm$, diameter measured at 5 cm height $1.5{\pm}0.5cm$. The Lowest peeling beginning height is $22.1{\pm}10.1cm$, and the mean length of peeling is $27.5{\pm}10.6cm$. Once the peeling damage happens, the saplings are infected by fungi secondly, and are distorted or dead, therefore the future structure of warm-temperate forests could be in influenced in species. Warm-temperate forest landscape and species change related to the climate change is a rising issue in Jeju Island. However the changes caused by peeling damage also could be an important issue in the natural process of forest environment, afforestation, local nursery and sustainable forest management of Jeju Island.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.81-98
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to fine out the general physical status of the neonates, and to identify the risk factors of the mothers and the neonates which were significantly related to the neonatal diseases during hospitalization. The data were obtained from clinical records of 1098 neonates born in Seoul Red cross Hospital between January 1st of 1984 and December 31th of 1986. The results of this study were summarized as follows: 1. General characteristics of the maternal group. 1) The average of maternal age was 26.6 years, the $91.7\%$ of the mothers de liveried at the age of 20-34 years old. 2) The distribution of the types of delivey were as follows : spontaneous delivery $39.9\%$, cesarean section $32.4\%$, vaccum extraction $25.7\%$, and breech delivery$2.0\%$. 3) The $40.3\%$ of the total de liveried mother had experienced abortion. 4) The $42.3\%$ of the total deliveried mother had one or more obstetric risk factors. 2. General characteristics of the neonatal group. 1) In the distribution of sex, male was $49.4\%$, female $50.6\%$. 2) The average of birth weights was 3,020gm. The distribution of birth weight were as follows; nomal weight $85.5\%$, low birth weight $12.7\%$ and high birth weight $2.5\%$. 3) The average of gestational age was 39.2 weeks. The distribution of gestational age were as follows; full term $77.4\%$, preterm $13.7\%$, and postterm $8.9\%$. 4) The average of Apgar Score was 9.0 at one minute and 9.6 at five minutes. 5) The $5.7\%$ of the neonates had one or more neonatal risk symptoms and signs at birth. 3. Apgar Score by the maternal and neonatal factors. In Apgar Score at one minute, normal group was higher than that of abnormal group. Apgar Score at five minutes was slightly higher than that at one minute. 4. The distribution of the maternal risk factors and the neonatal risk factors. 1) The total numbers of the maternal risk factors were 1376. The distribution of the maternal risk factors were as follows: obstetric factor $33.7\%$, abortion $32.2\%$, breech and cesarean section delivery $27.5\%$ and maternal age under 19 years and over 35 years $6.6\%$. 2) The total numbers of the neonatal risk factors were 517. The distribution of the neonatal risk factors were as follows: gestational age under 37 weeks and over 42 weeks $48.0\%$, birth weight under 2500gm and over 4000gm $12.2\%$, Apgar score under 4 at one munute $6.4\%$ and Apgar score at five munutes $2.7\%$. 3) The total numbers of the obstetric risk factors were 661. The types of the obstetric risk factors were meconium stained amniotic fluid $22.0\%$, premature rupture of membrane $17.5\%$. absence prenatal care $14.1\%$, unmarried pregnancy $10.3\%$, placenta problem $9.0\%$, toxemia $8.0\%$. 4) The total numbers of the neonatal risk symptoms and signs at birth were 83. The types of the neonatal risk symptoms and signs were respiratory distress $65.1\%$, neonatal apnea $14.4\%$, convulsion $13.3%$, meconium aspiration syndrome $4.8\%$, cyanosis $2.4\%$. 5. The relationship between the maternal risk factors and the neonatal risk factors. 1) Maternal age under 19 years or over 35 years was significantly related to Apgar Score under 4 at 5 minutes. 2) Breech delivery or cesarean section was significantly related to neonatal risk factor at birth such as birth weight, gestational age, Apgar Score at one minute and at five minutes. and neonatal risk symptoms and signs. 3) Obstetric risk factors were significantly related to the neonatal risk factors at birth. 4) Abortion was not related to the neonatal risk factors. 6. The relationship between neonatal diseases during hosptalization and the maternal or the neonatal risk factors. 1) The total numbers of neonatal diseases during hospitalization were 281. The distribution of neonatal diseases were as follows: birth trauma $38.1\%$, infectious disease $31.3\%$, hematologic disease $21.4\%$, respiratory disease $6.0\%$, neurologic disease $2.5\%$. cardiovascular disease $0.7\%$. 3) Most maternal risk factors except abortion were significantly related to neonatal diseases. 4) Most neonatal risk factors at birth were significantly related to neonatal diseases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.51-62
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• 1979

Due to the relatively high number of members and low income in each family, Wido inhabitants take very low nutrition. The result indicates that nutrition at the present time is generally lower than that of 1973 with the exception of fat. Consequently, the degree of body development of primary and junior high school students has not generally reached the standard in Korea, that was collected from Gyeongido, Korea and from Japan, of the corresponding grade students as well as the Hb content is significantly insufficient. As the body development of 12-year-old children grown at home and nursery, and attending the sports school are compared with that of the Korean standard and Wido students, the body development of Wido students is similar to the Korean standard, and slighly better than that of the sports school students by three years. Health is important as said that health power is nation's power. In order to maintain good health, the normal level of body development and Hb content is necessary for which the recommended daily nutrition for each person should be taken. In addition, the present status and importance of body development and nutrition should be fully educated the primary and junior high school students as well as directly to the inhabitants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.26-35
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• 1979

Factors affecting the survival of out planted Cryptomena and Japaneses Cypress seedlings. (I) - Especially on the drying and water soaking duration ­ There are often the cases of poor survival percentage for the economic forest establishments of Cryplomeria japonica D. Don. and Chamaecyparis obtusa End. This study was carried out to investigate the survival factors of both 1-1 seedlings and Cryptomena cutting Seedlings by room drying conditions, day drying conditions, OED green water soaking treatment and drying duration at the forest nursery of Chonnam National University from February to September. 1979. The results are as follows: 1. From 11 a.m. to 3 p.m. fluctuation in then moisture contents(MC) rapidly decreased and M.C. fluctuation in indoor until 5 p.m. showed the same results with the amount of an hour fluctuation in outdoor. 2. M.C. fluctuations between OED green and non-treatment of these seedlings were silghtly different. 3. The survival percentage of OED green and non-treatment of seedlings were highly significant in the room drying conditions and the day drying conditions respectively The effects of water soaking treatment on rooting was negligible. The survival percentage of seedlings of OED green was higher than that of non-treatment. 4. Although survival percentage of Japanese Cypress was almost in accord with Cryptomena, the power of resistance to drying was lower m Japanese Cypress than m Cryptomeria. 5. Compared with Cryptomena seedlings the survival percentage of Cryptomeria cutting seedlings was higher and not influenced at all in case of being drying for two hours; but it was highly significant in interactions between the drying time and the water soaking time. 6. When Cryptomena and Japanese Cypress seedling become drying in indoor for four days, the survival percentage remarkably reduced after two days and also was highly significant among numbers of drying days.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.78 no.3
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• pp.280-286
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• 1989

The present study was to examine the effects of light, temperature, and water stress on the photosynthesis and respiration rates and its seasonal changes in 3-Year-old Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Fraxinus mandshurica seedlings raised in pot in nursery. The results obtained are as follows: 1. The estimated light compensation points at which net photosynthesis approached zero were 35 and $28{\mu}Em^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ for F. rhyrachophylla and F. mandsdzurica leaves, respectively, The light saturation points occurred at $700{\mu}Em^{-2}\;s^{-1}$ in these species. 2. The maximum rates of net photosynthesis of leaves occurred at about $25^{\circ}C$ in F. rhynchophylla and at $20^{\circ}C$ in F. mandshurica. 3. The decrease in net photosynthetic rates of leaves began at -13 bars in F. rhynchophylla and -10 bars in F. mandshurica, and then its rates approached approximately zero at -23 bars in F. mandshurica and -29 bars in F. rhynchophylla. 4. The dark respiration rates of leaves were similar from $10^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$ between these species, Also these increased from -10 bars to -28 bars, and then decreased remarkably in these species. 5. The net photosynthetic rates of leaves of F. mandshurica were higher than those of F. rhynchoplaylla until June, and after that lower than F. rhynchophylla. The dark respiration rates of leaves of F. rhynchophylla were higher than those of F. mandshurica from June to August, and After that similar between these species. 6. The respiration rates of stem and root were highest in April during the growing season. These values of F. rhynchophylla were slightly higher than those of F. mandshurica throughout the growing season.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.72 no.1
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• pp.32-36
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• 1986

The effect of different inoculation amounts of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) spores and fertilizers on the growth of Pinus densiflora seedlings grown in fumigated or nonfumigated soils were tested in the: polyethylene pots. To infest the pot soil with Pt spores, the mixture of the spores with sterilized nursery soil was used after seeding. Eighteen months after inoculation, mycorrhizal formation was 42-70% in fumigated plus Korean-Pt inoculated pots, 60-70% in fumigated plus U.S.-Pt inoculated pots, and less than 1% in non-fumigated, Korean-Pt inoculated pots. Growth enhancement effect of Pt spore inoculation was shown on only fumigated soil and the inoculation increased the seedlings height (8-38%), stem diameter (9-40%) and dry weight (6-73%). Especially 0.4g per pot application rate increased the height (30-31%), stem diameter (23-28%) and dry weight (56-69%), while the 0.2g U.S. Pt spore per pot rate increased 26-38, 17-20 and 58-60%, for height, stem diameter, and dry weight respectively. At 1X fertilizer application rate (urea 2g, fused superphoshate 4g, and potassium chloride 1g per pot), the 0.4g per pot rate resulted in more dry weight by 18% than that at 1/2X rate. The result indicated that there is a need for further research on inoculating nonfumigated soil with Pt and that appropriate application rates of fertilizers and Pt spores are 1X and 0.2-0.4g per pot on fumigated soil, respectively.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.65-75
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• 2002

The study was carried out to determine the growth and biomass production of major deciduous trees including Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Betula schmidtii, Zelkova serrata, Acer mono, Prunes sargentii, and Ligustrum obtusifolium subjected to artificial shade treatment in nursery field. The six deciduous trees seedlings grow for 2 years under different light intensity of 100%, 38-62%, 22-28%, 7-20%, and 2-6% of the full sun light intensity. The results were as follows; In the seedling heights and root collar diameters of shade intolerant species like Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Betula schmidtii, the relative growth rates of seedlings grown in full sun showed 2 times as compared with those subjected to the shade treatment of 2-6% light intensities of full sun. In the shade tolerant species like Acer mono ant Ligustrum obtusifolium, the growth performances were better in the seedlings grown in 38-62% light intensities of full sun. Total dry mass including the dry mass of leaves, shoot and root were as a whole decreased with shade treatment. The ratio of the dry mass of leaves and stem increased the dry mass of root. T/R ratio of the seedlings increased by decreasing the relative light intensity. And the T/R ratio of 2-6% light intensities of full sun was ranged from 1.1~5.0 were greater in the full sun light was ranged from 0.6~3.2. Light intensity by artificial shade treatment decreased in deciduous trees when compared on the whole, it showed tendency that SLA increases, increased that seeing resemblant tendency in LAR and LWR and changed of light intensity is strong, it increased that showed difference as statistical. But, LWR of Betula platyphylla var. japonica increased gradually and showed tendency that decreases rapidly in the shade treatment of 2-6% light intensities of full sun. This result is thought that biomass production decreased by shading treatment influenced in physiological characteristics such as leaf area and decrease of the leaf amount.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.6
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• pp.735-742
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• 2006

The objective of this study was to elucidate the tolerance of woody plants to simulated acid rain in relation to mycorrhizal inoculation. Germinating seedlings of Robinia pseudoacacia were planted in 1I pots with autoclaved soil mixture of vermiculite, sand and nursery soil at 1:1:1 ratio. Each pot was inoculated with both crushed root nodules from a wild tree of the same species and commercial arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum of Glomus intraradices at the time of planting the seedlings. Simulated acid rains at pH 2.6, 3.6, 4.6, and 5.6 were made by mixing sulfuric acid and nitric acid at 3: 1 ratio. Each pot received nutrient solution without N and P, and was also supplied with 180 ml of the one pH level of the acid rains once a week for 50 days. The plants were grown in the green house. At the end of experimental period, plants were harvested to determine contents of chlorophyll, mineral nutrients and net photosynthesis in the tissues, dry weight of the plants, and mycorrhizal infection in the roots. Mycorrhizal infection rate was significantly reduced only at pH 2.6, which meant vitality of G intraradices was inhibited at extremely low pH. Height growth, dry weight production, nodule production and chlorophyll content were increased by mycorrhizal infection in all the pH levels except pH 3.6. Particularly, mycorrhizal inoculation increased root nodule production by 85% in pH 5.6 and 45% in 4.6 treatments. But the stimulatory effect of mycorrhizal inoculation on nodule production was reduced at pH 3.6 and 2.6. Net photosynthesis was increased by mycorrhizal infection in all the pH levels. The phosphorus(P) content in the tissues was increased by 43% in average by mycorrhizal inoculation, which was statistically significant except in pH 2.6. It was concluded that mycorrhizal inoculation of Robinia pseudoacacia would enhance growth and resistance of the plants to acid rain by improving the photosynthesis, phosphorus nutrition, and more nodule production.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.15-30
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• 1983

To select the superior clones of Populus alba ${\times}$ Populus glandulosa $F_1$, growth and some growth-related physiological characters were examined for thirteen, one-year-old and fifteen, two-year-old clones, respectively at the Seoul National University nursery in Suweon, Clonal differences in growth (total dry weight per tree), leaf area per tree and leaf chlorophyll content per tree at tow-year-old plots were highly significant at the 1% level, but not at one-year-old plots, Highly significant correlation was found between leaf area per tree and total dry weigh per tree (r=0.865), between leaf chlorophyll content per tree and total dry weight per tree (r=0.888), and between photosynthetic ability per tree and total dry weight per tree (r=0.745). The photosynthetic ability and leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf area of one-year-old plant increased with increasing leaf order number from top. reached maximum value in the twenty-eithth and thirty-third leaves, respectively, and then decreased gradually from those leaved to base, Clones 68-1-54, 66-26-55 and 65-22-11 showed test growth based on leaf area per tree, leaf chlorophyll content per unit leaf area and photosynthetic ability of leaf tissue per unit area. Growth yield of populus alba ${\times}$ P. glandulosa $F_1$ clones could be estimated from either leaf area per tree of leaf chlorophyll content per tree. Therefore, measurements of leaf area and leaf chlorophyll content appear useful to select superior populus clones early growth.