• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권10호
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• pp.1488-1495
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of post-harvest storage duration and wheat variety on the digestibility and energy content of new season wheat fed to finishing pigs. Two wheat varieties (Shi and Zhong) were harvested in 2013 and stored in the warehouse of the Fengning Pig Experimental Base at China Agricultural University for 3, 6, 9, or 12 mo. For each storage period, 12 barrows were placed in metabolism crates and allotted to diets containing 1 of the 2 wheat varieties in a randomized complete block design. The experimental diets contained 97.34% wheat and 2.66% of a vitamin and trace mineral premix. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the gross energy (GE) and crude protein (CP) of the wheat decreased by 2.0% and 12.01%, respectively, while the concentration of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content increased by 30.26%, 19.08%, and 2.46%, respectively. Total non-starch polysaccharide, total arabinose, total xylose and total mannose contents decreased by 46.27%, 45.80%, 41.71%, and 75.66%, respectively. However, there were no significant differences in the chemical composition between the two wheat varieties with the exception of ADF which was approximately 13.37% lower in Shi. With an extension of storage duration from 3 mo to 12 mo, the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME) content and the apparent total tract digestibility of GE, CP, dry matter, organic matter, ether extract, ADF and metabolizability of energy in wheat decreased linearly (p<0.01) by 5.74%, 7.60%, 3.75%, 3.88%, 3.50%, 2.47%, 26.22%, 27.62%, and 3.94%, respectively. But the digestibility of NDF changed quadratically (p<0.01). There was an interaction between wheat variety and storage time for CP digestibility (p<0.05), such that the CP digestibility of variety Zhong was stable during 9 mo of storage, while the CP digestibility of variety Shi decreased (p<0.05). In conclusion, the GE, DE, and ME of wheat was stable during the first 3 to 6 mo of post-harvest storage, and decreased during the following 6 to 12 mo of storage under the conditions of this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권11호
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• pp.1652-1662
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• 2014

The present study investigated the optimum blending condition of protected fat, choline and yeast culture for lowering of rumen temperature. The Box Benken experimental design, a fractional factorial arrangement, and response surface methodology were employed. The optimum blending condition was determined using the rumen simulated in vitro fermentation. An additive formulated on the optimum condition contained 50% of protected fat, 25% of yeast culture, 5% of choline, 7% of organic zinc, 6.5% of cinnamon, and 6.5% of stevioside. The feed additive was supplemented at a rate of 0.1% of diet (orchard grass:concentrate, 3:7) and compared with a control which had no additive. The treatment resulted in lower volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and biogas than the control. To investigate the effect of the optimized additive and feed energy levels on rumen and rectal temperatures, four rumen cannulated Hanwoo (Korean native beef breed) steers were in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. Energy levels were varied to low and high by altering the ratio of forage to concentrate in diet: low energy (6:4) and high energy (4:6). The additive was added at a rate of 0.1% of the diet. The following parameters were measured; feed intake, rumen and rectal temperatures, ruminal pH and VFA concentration. This study was conducted in an environmentally controlled house with temperature set at $30^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity levels of 70%. Steers were housed individually in raised crates to facilitate collection of urine and feces. The adaptation period was for 14 days, 2 days for sampling and 7 days for resting the animals. The additive significantly reduced both rumen (p<0.01) and rectal temperatures (p<0.001) without depressed feed intake. There were interactions (p<0.01) between energy level and additive on ruminal temperature. Neither additive nor energy level had an effect on total VFA concentration. The additive however, significantly increased (p<0.01) propionate and subsequently had lower acetate:propionate (A/P) ratios than non-additive supplementation. High concentrate diets had significantly lower pH. Interactions between energy and additive were observed (p<0.01) in ammonia nitrogen production. Supplementation of diets with the additive resulted in lower rumen and rectal temperatures, hence the additive showed promise in alleviating undesirable effects of heat stress in cattle.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.395-402
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• 2018

Objective: An experiment was conducted to evaluate effects of inclusion level of palm kernel meal (PKM) and adaptation duration on the digestible energy (DE) and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of chemical constituents in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs. Methods: Thirty crossbred barrows ($Duroc{\times}Landrace{\times}Large\;White$) with an average initial body weight of $85.0{\pm}2.1kg$ were fed 5 diets in a completely randomized design. The diets included a corn-soybean meal basal diet and 4 additional diets in which corn and soybean meal were partly replaced by 10%, 20%, 30%, or 40% PKM. After 7 d of adaptation to the experimental diets, feces were collected from d 8 to 12, d 15 to 19, d 22 to 26, and d 29 to 33, respectively. Results: The DE and ATTD of gross energy (GE), dry matter (DM), ash, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and crude protein (CP) in diets decreased linearly as the dietary PKM increased within each adaptation duration (p<0.01). Diet containing 19.5% PKM had less DE value and ATTD of all detected items compared with other diets when fed to pigs for 14 days (p<0.05). The ATTD of CP in PKM calculated by 19.5% and 39.0% linearly increased as adaptation duration prolonged from 7 to 28 days (p<0 .01). Conclusion: Inclusion level of PKM and adaptation duration had an interactive effect on DE and the ATTD of GE, DM, OM, and CP (p<0.01 or 0.05) but ash, NDF, and ADF in diet (p>0.05). Considering a stable determination, 21 days of adaptation to a diet containing 19.5% PKM is needed in pigs and a longer adaptation time is recommended as dietary PKM increases.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.163-168
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• 1980

본시험은 한국산항생물질 또는 항생균의 개발이용을 목적으로 한 기초연구로서 주로 전년도의 계속연구와 아울러 토양시료로부터 새로히 항생세균을 분리하였다. 청주부근의 토양시료 500점으로부터 83점의 항생균을 분리하였으며 이들은 주로 gram음성균인 Escherichia coli에 유효한 것을 선별하였다. 이들에 대한 연구는 앞으로 계속할 것이며 수년간 계속 연구중인 우수항생균 JS7501은 그동안 수차에 걸쳐 재선별하였기 때문에 JS901로 개칭하여 본시험에 공시하였으며 항균작용법 위도 재확인하였으며 주로 추출을 목적으로 용매추출, 흡착, TLC, 이온교환 수지 등을 총동원하였으나 TLC에 의하여 활성이 확인된 4 spot를 분리할 수 있었다. JS7901의 배양배지로서는 Soytone Sugar배지가 가장 높은 항균력을 보였으며 Soytone보다는 Sugar가 활성물질 증가와 관계가 있었다.

• 한국응용곤충학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.21-31
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• 1977

1975년 수원 잠업시험장 상전에서 뽕나무 세균성위축병균 Psendomonas mori(Boyer et Lambert) Stevens의 형태적으로 다른 Rough colony형(R형) 균주를 분리하였다. 이를 전국 5개 지역에서 채집, 분리한 wild type인 Smooth colony형 (S형) 균주와 병원성 및 세균의 일반적 성질을 비교하고 유전적인 안전성을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. R형균주는 S형균주에 비하여 강한 병원성을 보였으나 병징에는 아무런 차이가 없었다. 2. R형균주는 그 길이가 200u 이상에 달하는 사상하며 편모가 없는 비운동성 세균으로, 단간상이고 운동성이 있는 S형균주와 형태적으로 달랐다. 3. 육즙한천배지에서 S형균주와 colony는 백색, 원형, 전록으로 평골한데 비하여, R형균주의 colony는 주변이 불규칙한 파상으로 그 중앙부위에 많은 주름무늬가 있다. 4. 46종의 생리적 성질 및 혈청학적 성질에서는 R형과 S형균주 사이에 아무런 차이가 없었다. 5. R형과 S형균주 모두 100회 이상의 계대배양이나 $1-3\%$의 NaCl 및 유기산의 Sodium 염 5종, 항생물질 4종에 의한 처리에서 유전적인 안정성을 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권11호
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• pp.1649-1657
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• 2006

In order to find an alternative source of inoculum to caecal content for studying the fermentation activity of rabbit hindgut, caecal content and faeces of 25 hybrid Hyla rabbits were used as inocula for an in vitro gas production trial. About 1 g of three substrates (dehydrated alfalfa meal, dehydrated beet pulp, barley) was weighed, in quadruplicate per inoculum, in 120 ml bottles; 75 ml of anaerobic medium and 4 ml of reducing solution were added and bottles were placed at $39^{\circ}C$. Caecal content and faeces were diluted respectively 1:2 (CI) and 1:8 (FI) with anaerobic medium and were introduced in the respective bottles (10 ml). Gas production was recorded 20 times at 2-24 h intervals throughout fermentation (96 h). The fermentation characteristics (i.e. degraded organic matter, OMd; potential gas production, A; fermentation rate, Rmax; time at which it is reached, Tmax; pH, volatile fatty acid, VFA) were studied by inoculum and feedstuffs. The feedstuffs, according to their chemical composition, showed very different fermentation characteristics. In particular, OMd, A and Rmax allowed feedstuff classification as follows: barley>beet pulp>alfalfa. The inocula differ (p<0.05) in Tmax, were higher for CI (15.53 vs. 11.96 h) and in VFA production. In particular, CI produced higher levels of acetate (38.9 vs. 33.4 mM/g OM incubated, p<0.01) and isobutyrate (0.72 vs. 0.42, p<0.01) but less propionate (7.1 vs. 10.3, p<0.01) and butyrate (11.3 vs. 14.0, p<0.01). However, the trend of gas production, similar for the inocula according to the fermented substrate, and the good regression equation to estimate some caecal fermentation parameters from faeces suggest that, after standardisation, the faeces could be used as an alternative inoculum for gas tests in rabbit.

• 대한유전성대사질환학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2017

Citrin 결핍증은 요소회로 이상 질환 중 하나로, 7q21.3에 위치한 SLC25A13 유전자에 돌연변이로 발생하는 상염색체 열성 유전질환이다. 세 가지 표현형 중에 신생아 간내 담즙 정체형, 제 2형 시트룰린혈증은 잘 알려졌지만, 성장부진과 이상지질혈증형은 최근에 밝혀지고 있는 표현형으로 아직 우리나라에 보고된 적이 없다. 성장부진과 이상지질혈증형에서는 경미할 수는 있으나 식욕감소, 피곤함, 성장부진, 저혈당, 시트룰린 상승, 이상지질혈증, 젖산염/피루브산염 상승과 같은 이상이 관찰될 수 있다. 또한 저혈당으로 내원하였을 때 일반적인 검사로는 원인 규명이 어려울 수 있다. 저자들은 생후 30개월에 반복적인 저혈당으로 내원하여 소변 유기산 분석, 호르몬 검사와 같은 대사 이상 검사에서 명확한 특정 진단명이 의심되지 않아, 생후 31개월에 targeted exome sequencing을 통해 복합이형접합 SLC25A13 유전자 돌연변이[c.852_855del (p.Met285Profs*2), c.1177+1G>A]를 발견하여 성장부진과 이상지질혈증으로 발현한 citrin 결핍증을 우리나라에서 최초로 진단하여 보고하는 바이다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권10호
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• pp.1424-1431
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• 2016

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of diets containing different amounts of wheat, as a partial or whole substitute for corn, on digestibility, digestive enzyme activities, serum metabolite contents and ruminal fermentation in beef cattle. Four Limousin${\times}$LuXi crossbred cattle with a body weight ($400{\pm}10kg$), fitted with permanent ruminal, proximal duodenal and terminal ileal cannulas, were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design with four treatments: Control (100% corn), 33% wheat (33% substitution for corn), 67% wheat (67% substitution for corn), and 100% wheat (100% substitution for corn) on a dry matter basis. The results showed that replacing corn with increasing amounts of wheat increased the apparent digestibility values of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein (p<0.05). While the apparent digestibility of acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber were lower with increasing amounts of wheat. Digestive enzyme activities of lipase, protease and amylase in the duodenum were higher with increasing wheat amounts (p<0.05), and showed similar results to those for the enzymes in the ileum except for amylase. Increased substitution of wheat for corn increased the serum alanine aminotransferase concentration (p<0.05). Ruminal pH was not different between those given only corn and those given 33% wheat. Increasing the substitution of wheat for corn increased the molar proportion of acetate and tended to increase the acetate-to-propionate ratio. Cattle fed 100% wheat tended to have the lowest ruminal $NH_3-N$ concentration compared with control (p<0.05), whereas no differences were observed among the cattle fed 33% and 67% wheat. These findings indicate that wheat can be effectively used to replace corn in moderate amounts to meet the energy and fiber requirements of beef cattle.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2014

굴양식이 성행하는 안정만 해역은 인근 연안에 LNG비축기지, 조선소 등의 공단이 가동되고 있어 일부 양식장은 품종을 전환하고 있다. 이 연구는 안정만 해역의 연안생태계에 영향을 미치는 저질환경 특성을 조사하기 위하여 2009년부터 2010년까지 2회에 걸쳐 20개 정점의 표층퇴적물을 채집, 분석하였다. 안정만 해역의 표층퇴적물의 IL은 6.41-11.68% (평균 $9.52{\pm}1.28%$)의 범위였고, COD는 17.99-43.84 mg/g (평균 $27.53{\pm}6.39mg/g$), 그리고 AVS는 0.05-0.61 mg/g (평균 $0.17{\pm}0.14mg/g$)의 범위였다. 유기물함량은 저질의 수분함량과 밀접한 상관관계가 있었고, 이는 양식품종의 분포 패턴과도 관계가 있어 흰멍게로 양식품종이 변화된 북부해역의 COD가 비교적 높게 나타났다. 일부 조사정점을 제외하고 대부분의 중금속함량은 NOAA의 ERL 기준치 이하였고, 중금속 부화지수는 0.96-1.12의 범위로 중금속 오염에서는 비교적 청정한 것으로 판단되지만, 증가하는 선박 통행량을 고려할 때, 지속적인 저질환경 모니터링이 요구된다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.60-66
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• 1984

토양(土壤)이 상이(相異)한 조건(條件)에서 볏짚 및 퇴비시용시(堆肥施用時) 시비질소(施肥窒素)의 유기(有機) 및 무기화(無機化) 작용(作用)을 파악(把握)코저 중질소(重窒素) [$^{15}(NH_4)_2SO_4$]를 사용(使用)하여 실내시험(室內試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 식질(埴質) 및 사질토양(砂質上壤)에 퇴비(堆肥) 및 볏짚시용시(施用時) 시비질소(施肥窒素)의 50~90%가 관수(灌水) 10일경(日頃) 유기화(有機化)되었다. 2. 시비질소(施肥窒素)의 유기화(有機化) 정도(程度)는 사질토양(砂質土壤)에 볏짚 시용시(施用時)가 타(他) 처리(處理)에 비(比)하여 보다 많은 유기화량(有機化量)을 보였다. 3. 유기화(有機化)된 시비질소(施肥窒素)는 담수(湛水) 300일(日) 이후(以後), 무기화(無機化) 되었으며 이 양(量)은 퇴비(堆肥)보다 볏짚시용시(施肥時), 그리고 사질(砂質)보다 식질토양(埴質土壤)에서 현저(顯著)히 많았다. 4. 시험후(試驗後) 토양(土壤)의 질소분별정양결과(窒素分別定量結果), 무기태질소(無機態窒素) ($NH_4{^-}N+NO_3{^-}N+NO_2{^-}N$)의 양(量)은 사질토양(砂質土壤)에서 많았다. 5. 사질토양(砂質土壤)에 볏짚시용시(施用時)와 식질토양(埴質土壞)에 퇴비시용시(堆肥施用時) 시험후(試驗後) 토양(土壤) 중(中) Aminoacid-N와 미동정유기태(未同定有機態) 질소(室素)의 함량(含量)이 증가(增加)되었으며 Aninoauger-N와 Humin-N의 함량(含量)은 처리간(處理間)에 일정(一定)하지 않았다.