• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.150-157
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• 2006

The alternate plating method was suggested by a tin-cobalt alloy plating process which has excellent mechanical characteristics and also favorable to environment. Tin-cobalt alloy plating has many advantages such as nontoxicity, variable color-tone, and no post-treatment process. In this study, the plating conditions such as temperature, pH, current density, plating time, and amount of additive (glycine) were determined in the tin-cobalt alloy plating process through Hull-cell test and surface analysis. As the result of Hull-cell analysis, brightness became superior as the amount of glycine increased. It was found that the optimum alloy ratio was 0.03 M of $SnCl_{2}{\cdot}2H_{2}O$ and 0.05 M of $CoSO_{4}{\cdot}7H_{2}O$ at $50^{\circ}C$, pH 8.5, and $0.5A/dm^2$. The optimum amount of additive was 15 g/L of glycine and 0.1 g/L of organic acid. Then, the solution including glycine was recommended as an optimum plating solution for a chromium plating process.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.177-182
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• 2006

In this work, we have prepared organophilic MMT having thermal stability by ion exchange reaction of various aromatic ammonium salts with MMT containing sodium ion. The organic modifiers having alkyl side chains and amine functional group were successfully synthesized by effectively introducing the surfaces of MMT via ion exchange reaction to form organophilic MMTs with a view to improve the reactivity and thermal stability. The WAXD patterns of organophilic MMT showed the more increased gallery spacing by $3.3{\AA}$ than that of the pristine MMT and also the onset of initial decomposition of organophilic MMT was $275^{\circ}C$ as determined by a thermogravimetric analysis. The polyimide (PI) nanocomposite films based on poly(amic acid) and organophilic MMT were prepared by a solution blending followed by cyclodehydration reaction. We have investigated the dispersity of organophilic MMTs in PI matrix by using WAXD and the effect of the organophilic MMT content on the mechanical properties of PI nanocomposite films was studied.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2005

The possibility of using Moringa oleifera as a ruminant protein supplement was investigated by comparison between nutritive and anti-nutritive value of its different morphological parts with that of conventionally used Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal (LL). Parameters determined were chemical composition, rumen degradable protein (RDP), acid detergent insoluble protein (ADIP), pepsin soluble protein (PESP), non-protein nitrogen (NPN) total soluble protein (TSP) and protein potentially digested in the intestine (PDI). Total phenols (TP) and total extractable tannins (TET) were also evaluated as anti-nutritive factors. In vitro gas production characteristics were measured and organic matter digestibility (OMD) was estimated basing on 24 h-gas production. Crude protein content ranged from 265-308 g/kg DM in M. oleifera leaves (MOL) and seed cake (MOC) respectively. Leucaena leucocephala and Moringa oleifera soft twigs and leaves (MOLSTL) had CP content of 236 and 195 g/kg DM while Moringa oleifera soft twigs alone (MOST) and Moringa oleifera bucks (MOB) had 160, 114 and 69.3 g/kg DM respectively. RDP was highest in (MOC) (181 g/kg DM) followed by (MOL) (177 g/kg DM) and was lowest in MOB (40 g/kg DM). The proportion of the protein that was not available to the animal (ADIP) was (p<0.05) higher in MOL and MOC (72 and 73 g/kg DM) respectively and lowest in LL (29 g/kg DM). The PDI was high in LL (74 g/kg DM) followed by MOC (55 g/kg DM) then MOL (16 g/kg DM). PESP was highest (p<0.05) in MOC followed by MOL then LL (273, 200 and 163 g/kg DM respectively). MOC exhibited highest NPN content (116 g/kg DM) and was lowest in MOB (18 g/kg DM) (p<0.05). Highly (p<0.05) TSP was observed in MOC and MOL (308 and 265 g/kg DM respectively) followed by LL (236 g/kg DM). MOL had negligible TET (20 g/kg DM) when compared with about 70 g/kg DM in LL. Highly (p<0.05) b and a+b values were observed for MOLSTL (602 and 691 g/kg DM respectively) followed by MOL (490 and 538 g/kg DM). Highest c value was observed in MOSTL followed by MOC and MOL (0.064, 0.056 and 0.053 rate/hour) respectively. OMD was highest (p<0.05) for MOSTL followed by MOC and then MOL (579, 579 and 562 g/kg DM respectively). LL exhibited lower (p<0.05) OMD (467 g/kg DM). It was concluded from this study that the high crude protein content in MOL and MOLST could be well utilized by ruminant animals and increase animal performance however, high proportion of unavailable protein to the lower gut of animals and high rumen degradable protein due to negligible tannin content render it a relatively poor protein supplement for ruminants. MOC can be a best alternative protein supplement to leaves and leaves and soft twigs for ruminants.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.139-144
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• 2008

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of cultivars and compost on soil microbial activities and diversities in a red pepper-grown field. Compost was applied with 0, 30, and 60M/T $ha^{-1}$ in April and then red pepper seedlings of "Yong-go 4" and "Koeun" were transplanted in May 2007. Soil samples were collected in early August 2007. Measurement of microbial activities was based on a dehydrogenase assay and a fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis. Soil microbial community was characterized with Biolog $EcoPlate^{TM}$ and phospholipid fatty acid(PLFA). Red pepper cultivars did not differentiate the selected soil chemical and microbial properties. Soil pH and soil microbial community changed by amending the soil with 30 and 60 M/T $ha^{-1}$ of compost, and the soil organic matter and potassium content, and soil microbial activities increased in soils amended with 60 M/T $ha^{-1}$ of compost. Red pepper cultivar induced a little different soil chemical properties and microbial activity in soils amended with 60 M/T $ha^{-1}$ of compost even though significant differences were not found in those properties. In conclusion the effects of compost on soil chemical and microbial properties were much higher than red pepper cultivars in short-term period but the effects of red pepper cultivars should be investigated in long-term field test.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.63-70
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• 2016

The distributed systems managed by K-water were surveyed to study the characteristic of disinfection-by-product (Trihalomethans & Haloacetic acids) formation and the correlations between the concentrations of disinfection-by-product and physico-chemical parameters. Five distribted system were selected according to their water ages and the degree of deterioration of their pipelines. Total seven items including Trihalomethans (THMs), Haloacetic acids (HAAs), BDOC, DOC, pH, chlorine residual, and temperature were analysed in monthly basis. The concentration of organic matter were increased according to water age and pipeline deterioration in this study. The coefficient of determination between the decline of residual chlorine and the increase of water age was revealed as high. Also, the coefficient of determination between the decline rate of residual chlorine and the increase of the Trihalomethans concentration were studied as high. Furthermore the longer water age is the bigger the effect on Trihalomethans formation and temperature. However, the coefficient of determination between the concentraion of Haloacetic acid and water age, residual chlorine, and temperature were revealed as low in this study.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.6
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• pp.761-773
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• 2000

Eighteen growing male Murrah buffalo (Bubalus bubalis) calves were divided into three groups consisting of six animals each and fed three urea ammoniated wheat straw (UAS) -based rations supplemented with concentrate mixtures (roughage: concentrate ratio 58:42) containing deoiled ground nut cake, GNC (8%), formaldehyde treated GNC (8%) or fish meal (8%) to undertake comparative evaluation of these rations in terms of their $CH_4$ production and growth (285 d duration) potential. A digestibility trial (10 d duration) was followed by a comparative calorimetric study in respiration chamber. Dry matter (DM) intake (84.3 to $89.3g/kg\;W^{0.75}d^{-1}$) did not differ between treatments. The digestibility coefficient of DM, organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral and acid detergent fiber did not differ significantly in different diets. Urinary energy loss as a percent of gross energy (GE) was not affected by diets. Average values of $CH_4$ production were 84.3, 77.6 and 99.1 g/d and $CH_4$ energy losses as percent of gross energy were 5.7, 5.2 and 6.1 percent on .GNC, formaldehyde treated GNC and fishmeal, respectively, and did not differ significantly. When expressed per unit of digestible OM intake, $CH_4$ production (g) was lower (p<0.05) on formaldehyde treated GNC (30.6) than on untreated GNC (30.6) and fish meal (31.9). Total ME intake and heat production were similar and hence the energy balances on different diets were similar. Nutritive value of rations in terms of digestible CP and ME were similar. Average daily gain calculated on the basis of regression of fortnights on cumulative liveweight gain in calves fed on concentrate containing unprotected GNC, protected GNC and fish meal were 437.1, 483.9 and 481.6 g, respectively. This indicated that the intake of energy was sufficient to meet the requirement of calves growing at 400 g per d. However, CP intake was around 150% of the stipulated standard (Kearl, 1982). Feed conversion ratios on unprotected GNC, protected GNC and fish meal were 11.60, 11.10 and 10.4 respectively. It was concluded that because significantly (p<0.05) low $CH_4$ is produced on protected GNC (8%), it is very good and sustainable protein source in comparison to poor quality fish meal and untreated GNC to be used in concentrate mixture for supplementing UAS-based diets.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.35-40
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• 2012

In this study, adsorption characteristics of expanded graphite (EG) were investigated by a series of batch adsorption tests using p-Xylene as a model volatile organic compounds (VOCs). After acid treatment, graphite were expanded at various temperature from $600^{\circ}C$ to $1000^{\circ}C$ for one minute. The optimal temperature was $800^{\circ}C$, where the expansion ratio reached 195 times of original volume. The BET specific surface area of EG was $92.4m^2/g$, which was only 1/10 of granular activated carbon (GAC), however the adsorption of p-Xylene by EG was almost completed within 5 minutes while that of GAC continued for 7 days because the majority of pores of EG was consisted with meso- and macro-pores. According to the Langmuir isotherm analysis, the maximum specific adsorption of p-Xylene onto EG was 24.0 mg/L with the adsorption constant of 7.94. In conclusion, the adsorption capacity of EG was much less than that of GAC due to the significantly lower specific surface area, but the first order kinetic constant was more than 500 times larger than GAC. Overall, EG might be effective where the fast adsorption is required.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.784-790
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• 2013

The quality characteristics of Campbell grape juice with different extraction processes (AE; autoclave extraction, HWE: hot water extraction, and EE: enzyme extraction) were investigated. The juice yields of the AE, HWE, and EE juices were 79.8%, 82.3% and 92.6%, respectively. The titratable acidity and soluble solids of the EE juice were significantly higher than those of the other extracts. There was no significant difference in the $L^*$ values of the juices, but the $a^*$ and $b^*$ values of the EE juice were higher than those of the other extracts. The viscosity of the HWE and EE juices was higher than that of the AE juice. The major free sugars in the grape juice were identified as glucose and fructose, and the highest organic acid content was found in the EE juice. The total polyphenol content of the EE juice was 55.7 mg% and was higher than those of the AE and HWE juices, which were 31.3 mg% and 39.5 mg%, respectively. Especially, the anthocyanin content of the EE juice was 22.1 mg%, which was two to four times higher than those of the AE and HWE juices, which were 4.5 mg% and 10.5 mg%, respectively. The EE juice showed the highest antioxidant effect, measured from the DPPH free radical scavenging activity and reducing power. In conclusion, we suggest that the enzyme treatment in the grape extraction was more effective than the autoclave and hot water methods.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.46-54
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of eucalyptus (E. Camaldulensis) crude oils (EuO) supplementation on voluntary feed intake and rumen fermentation characteristics in swamp buffaloes. Four rumen fistulated swamp buffaloes, body weight (BW) of $420{\pm}15.0$ kg, were randomly assigned according to a $2{\times}2$ factorial arrangement in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design. The dietary treatments were untreated rice straw (RS) without EuO (T1) and with EuO (T2) supplementation, and 3% urea-treated rice straw (UTRS) without EuO (T3) and with EuO (T4) supplementation. The EuO was supplemented at 2 mL/h/d in respective treatment. Experimental animals were kept in individual pens and concentrate mixture was offered at 3 g/kg BW while roughage was fed ad libitum. Total dry matter and roughage intake, and apparent digestibilites of organic matter and neutral detergent fiber were improved (p<0.01) by UTRS. There was no effect of EuO supplementation on feed intake and nutrient digestibility. Ruminal pH and temperature were not (p>0.05) affected by either roughage sources or EuO supplementation. However, buffaloes fed UTRS had higher ruminal ammonia nitrogen and blood urea nitrogen as compared with RS. Total volatile fatty acid and butyrate proportion were similar among treatments, whereas acetate was decreased and propionate molar proportion was increased by EuO supplementation. Feeding UTRS resulted in lower acetate and higher propionate concentration compared to RS. Moreover, supplementation of EuO reduced methane production especially in UTRS treatment. Protozoa populations were reduced by EuO supplementation while fungi zoospores remained the same. Total, amylolytic and cellulolytic bacterial populations were increased (p<0.01) by UTRS; However, EuO supplementation did not affect viable bacteria. Nitrogen intake and in feces were found higher in buffaloes fed UTRS. A positive nitrogen balance (absorption and retention) was in buffaloes fed UTRS. Supplementation of EuO did not affect nitrogen utilization. Both allantoin excretion and absorption and microbial nitrogen supply were increased by UTRS whereas efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was similar in all treatments. Findings of present study suggested that EuO could be used as a feed additive to modify the rumen fermentation in reducing methane production both in RS and UTRS. Feeding UTRS could improve feed intake and efficiency of rumen fermentation in swamp buffaloes. However, more research is warranted to determine the effect of EuO supplementation in production animals.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.26-50
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• 1982

In order to obtain more detailed information concerning the degradation of lignin in the oxygen alkali pulping single stage isothermal delignification of pine wood meal (Pinus koraiensis S. et Z.) was studied in the oxygen alkali system at five temperature level ($110^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, $130^{\circ}C$, $140^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$) for 60 min.. The rate constant, activation energy, oxygen and alkali consumption during the oxygen alkali delignification were determined by the kinetic method. The 2/5 of total lignin was eliminated at the start of the reaction. The delignification rate constant was about 3 times that of caustic soda pulping. The activation energy was about 1/3 lower than in caustic soda pulping. Like oxygen consumption, alkali consumption was also rapid early at the reaction and almost ceased after about 10 min.. The degradation reaction of lignin was strongly dependent upon the pH decrease of the cooking liquor by organic acid generated in pulping. The lignin in the oxygen alkali pulping degraded into lover molecular weight and had more hydrophillic properties. The methoxyl group decreased considerably at the first of oxygen alkali delignification, while the carbonyl, carboxyl and phenolic hydroxyl group increased rapidly.