• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.67-82
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• 1999

This study was performed to investigate out-of-pocket money among medical expenses of an oriental medical university hospital by the use of internal data of an oriental hospital because medical insurance program data could not show us insuree's out-of-pocket money among medical expenses. The purpose of this study was to analyze out-of-pocket money among medical expenses of ambulatory and hospitalized patients. Under this purpose, We analyzed actual medical expenses data of 1389 out-patients and 858 in-patients of the oriental medical university hospital with 90 beds that could be approach to internal data from July 1, 1998 to March 31, 1999. The major findings are as follows : 1. In ambulatory patients, the cost share ratio of insuree & that of insurer was 90 : 10 respectly. 2. In hospitalized patients, the cost share ratio of insuree & that of insurer was 72 : 28 respectly.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.35-47
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to examine the actual condition on consumption of adolescents, focused on their pocket money. Three-hundred students attending in middle and high school in Kyounggi Province were selected, and surveyed using questionnaires. Out of them, 272 students were used in statistical analysis, with frequency, percentage and Chi-test in SPSS/PC+ program. The results were as follows : First, most adolescents got pocket money irregularly from their mothers and average amount per month was more than 10 thousands and less than 50 thousands won. And they weren't satisfied with that amount, especially girl students. Second, most adolescents got extra money when it is a gala day or their records were improved. And most of them did nothing on consideration for their pocket money. Third, most adolescents spent pocket money for hobby or leisure and for snacks. Fourth, most adolescents had never guided how to spend money and had never evaluated their money spending. Fifth, most adolescents tried to spend money thoughtfully and evaluated their friends spent money on impulse. Sixth, most adolescents wanted to buy clothings and friends influenced their spending habit.

• International Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-34
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• 2004

This paper outlines the findings of a consumer survey conducted in 1996 and 2001 by the University of Bonn, Germany, across 15 European countries. The survey involved a sample of 3,300 respondents in 1996 and around 11,000 respondents in 2001, throughout all 15 EU countries. Children and adolescents between the ages of 10 and 17 were surveyed on their consumption habits and their attitudes towards the environment. The paper outlines the key findings on "the process of socialization with money". Children come to appreciate the importance of money even before their first day at school. Even young children know you sometimes need cash to fulfil dreams. But the chance to experiment with money for real only comes when children first receive pocket money, usually from their parents. Later, in adolescence, consumer pressure starts to make an impact and it becomes more difficult to make ends meet. Spare time or holiday jobs help top up pocket money and enable adolescents to keep out of debt. This paper reports on a long term comparative study throughout the European Union among children and adolescents, analysed by country, age group and gender. The paper discusses the places young consumers can turn to in trying to fulfil their growing consumer needs. It also examines how much money is at their disposal. It then concludes by considering the influence of "financial socialization" on how young people deal with money.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.112-119
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate leisure activities, leisure life satisfaction, perceived health status and depression in the elderly and to examine the relationships among those variables. Method: The subjects were 204 elderly visiting a senior welfare service center in G city. Data were collected from September 14 to 18 in 2009. All subjects agreed to participate and filled out the survey questionnaire after signing the consent form. Results: 1) The mean score of leisure activities was 2.81; the mean score of leisure life satisfaction was 4.14; the mean score of perceived health status was 8.92; the mean score of depression was 5.13 and 42.2% of the subjects belonged to the depression group. 2) The level of leisure activities was significantly different according to education level, religion, spouse and pocket money. The level of leisure life satisfaction was significantly different according to religion and pocket money. The level of perceived health status was significantly different according to sex, education level and pocket money. The level of depression was significantly different according to spouse and pocket money. 3) Leisure activities showed positive correlation with leisure life satisfaction and perceived health status, but showed negative correlation with depression. Conclusion: These findings showed the need for the health promotion program that increases leisure activities and leisure life satisfaction without economic burden.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.93-108
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to identify the factors that affected to physical functions, activities of daily living (ADLs) and instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs). The subjects for this study, 236 persons, 65 years and over, who were living at rural area in Chun-Cheon city. This survey was carried out from march 3rd to April 25th, 1998. The data was analysed by using SPSS PC+ program. The results were as follows. 1.The variables that were related to the conditions of physical functions were as follows; age, sex, educational level among the general characteristics; raising ways of money, monthly using money for life, states of pocket money, obtaining method of pocket money, state of weight, problems in mind, whether or not chronic illness among socio ㆍeconoㆍphysical conditions; the level of satisfactions in life, subjective condition of health among the subjective thinking ; controlling state in smoking and drinking of alcohol among the lifestyles for promoting health. But the variables for medical utilization were not related to the level of physical function. 2. The variables that were associated with the condition of ADLs were as follows; age among the general characteristics; monthly using money for life, working amount among the socioㆍeconoㆍphysical conditions; subjective conditions of health among the subjective thinking. But The variables for medical utilization, lifestyle for promoting health were irrelevant to the conditions of ADLs. 3. The variables that were related to the conditions of IADLs were as follows; age, educational level among the general characteristics; raising ways of money, monthly using money for life, resident type in the household, procurement method of pocket money, level of weight, problems in mind, wether or not chronic illness among socioㆍeconoㆍphysical condition; regularity of health checking among lifestyles for promoting health; kinds of utilizing medical agent among the variables about utilization patterns of medical agencies; subjective condition of health among the subjective thinking In this study, in the aged there were related factors of physical and life functions, were age, working amount, subjective condition of health.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.75-87
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• 2008

The purposes of this study were to examine the attitude of undergraduates toward money and the differences in dining-out behavior among three groups of subjects divided by attitude toward money. Self-administrated questionnaires were completed by 387 undergraduates and data were analysed by frequency analysis, chi-square, t-test, one-way ANOVA, factor analysis, reliability analysis, duster analysis and discriminant analysis. Results of study were as follows. There appeared six different attitudes of money among the undergraduates investigated: money as a means of seizing power, money as a life pursuit, money as a tool for rational consumption, money as a barometer of success, money as a cause of anxiety, and distrust. The undergraduates showed several different attitudes of money according to gender, major, age and pocket money. Cluster analysis divided subjects into three groups by attitude toward money : low dependent group, moderately dependent group and high dependent group. Three groups of subjects classified by attitudes of money were different from one another in dining-out behavior as well. The low money-dependent group mainly spent less than 5,000 won on a dining-out, and relied on their own experience and recommendation from others on a dining-out information. In contrast, the high money-dependent group spent 20,000 won or more on dining-out, and the distribution of subjects acquiring dining-out information from various channels in that group was significantly higher than other groups.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.107-122
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• 2000

The purposes of this study were to investigate the decision making process & preference for imported products and to suggest the systematic education programs for adolescent consumers. The data for this research were attained from 426 middle & high school students in Pohang. The data were analyzed by frequency distribution. mean standard deviation analysis of variance t-test, χ(sup)2-test and Pearson’s correlation with SAS program. The results of this study were as follows: 1. preference for imported products was significantly different according to sex, amount of pocket money, region. T.V advertising, friends and the attitude of their mothers. 2. Decision making process was composed of 4 dimensions in this study; information sources criteria for products problem experience of consumption and type of problem solving. In case of information sources there was a signifiant difference according to sex. grade level of parents’education. Criteria for products were significantly different according to sex grade. level of father’s education type of father’s job amount of pocket money and how they gained their pocket money. Consumption problem experience & type of problem solving were significantly different according to sex and grade. 3. Preference for imported products was significantly different according to criteria for products and consumption problem experience out of adecision making process.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.51-61
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• 2014

Objectives: This study examined the factors affecting the quality of life relating to oral health using OHIP-14 of college students. Also, this was to help college students to enhance their oral health. Methods: A Total of 334 self-administered questionnaires were collected from university student in Cheon-an. The statistical methods used for data analysis were the descriptive statistics, Independent samples t-test, One-way ANOVA, correlation analysis, multiple linear regression analysis. Results: First, A month pocket money and coffee consumption were significantly related to functional and physical Oral health foctor. Second, A month pocket money and coffee consumption were significantly related to Mental and social Oral health foctor. Finally, multiple linear regression analysis showed that a month pocket money, coffee consumption have a negative effect on the quality of life relating to oral health, Whereas an experience of oral health education a positive effect on this. Conclusion: Oral health related quality of life should be improved by investigating the factors affecting oral health and thus developing the program enhancing the oral health to prevent oral disease. In addition, in order to health promotion physical, mental, social, including the oral health, program development and research incessant must be carried out.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.500-509
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• 2011

This study was to identify factors influencing drug compliance based on the subjects' interview regarding community pharmacy utilization for 2 weeks, in 2005 KNHANES. Good compliance was regarded as important factors in improving the effectiveness and minimizing adverse drug reaction, resulting in reducing the medical costs. 83% of total 11,208 pharmacy visits in 7,066 subjects showed good compliance. Good satisfaction for pharmacist's medication counseling (OR=2.23, 95% CI 1.92-2.58), higher out-of-pocket money (OR=1.32, 95% CI 1.14-1.54), and users of prescription drugs than non-prescription (OR=2.21, 95% CI 1.91-2.57) drugs were significant factors for better compliance. Disease of nervous system and mental and behavioral disorders showed lower drug compliance.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.239-250
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• 2012

In recent years, national health insurance(NHI) coverage had been expanded gradually for cancer as a severe disease requiring high level of medical expenditure, to reduce patient's financial burden. But, subjective burdens level for out-of-pocket(OOP) money expense are still considerable owing to high medical cost and decent numbers of services not covered by benefit plan. This study aimed to investigate OOP medical expenditures and identify factors influencing subjective financial burden in cancer patients. A 28-items questionnaire for self-reporting by responders was designed to satisfy study goal and finalized following by one pilot study and experts' verification process. Subjects were enrolled during July to October 2010 through regular meetings organized by five patient or patient-advocacy groups had acknowledged the study purpose. Subjects who aged 20 or more, have histories of cancer diagnosis and anticancer drug use, and voluntarily agreed to participate in this study were recruited. Total 107 subjects included in the analysis have cancer lesions in breast, colon, kidney, liver or stomach at the stages from I to IV. Approximately 73% of them has passed less than 5 years since cancer diagnosis. For the OOP medical expenditure regarding cancer, less 6 million won was in 31%, 6-15 million won in 35% and more than 15 million won in 28% of responders, and more than half responders(58%) felt financial burden subjectively. 63% of responders had subscribed commercial insurances, resulting in money receipts of more than 10 million won since cancer diagnoses in 76% of responders. Logistic regression results showed significant differences in subjective OOP financial burden level depending on gender, household income level, benefit type, commercial insurance money receipt degree, year cancer diagnosed, cancer lesion, therapy type, duration of anticancer drug use, drug listing in national formulary, total OOP medical expenditure and total OOP anticancer drug expense. They had mixed feelings both wishes to expand NHI coverage to reduce financial burden(70%) and no willingness to increase premium(59%). This result suggested that NHI might direct future strategies to reduce absolute total OOP medical cost and expand benefit plan coverage in higher burden groups in particular.