• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.40 no.4
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• pp.313-321
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• 2014

Objectives: Pine needles are used as passive air samplers (PAS) of atmospheric persistent organic pollutants (POPs). This study was carried out in order to investigate whether pine needles can also be used as a PAS of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). Methods: PBDEs in one to three year-old pine needles were analyzed with HRGC/HRMS. Results: PBDEs in the atmosphere were accumulated in the pine needles. The rate of increase in concentration of lower substituted PBDEs (tri- through hepta-) in pine needles was linear. The rate of increase of the higher substituted PBDEs (octa- through deca-) was also liner, but only up to two year-old pine needles. The concentration did not increase further in older pine needles. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be concluded that young pine needles, those that are two years old or less, are recommended for use as PAS of atmospheric PBDEs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.635-641
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• 1996

As a basic study for preparing pine sprout tea, chemical components in pine sprouts and pine needles were analyzed as follows: In proximate composition the contents of most components except for crude fat were different between in pine sprouts and pine needles. Moisture content in pine sprouts was higher than that in pine needles. Calcium and potassium were major minerals contained in pine sprouts and needles, and their contents in pine needles picked in December were higher than those picked in June. Soluble tannin and vitamin C contents in leaf part of pine sprouts were much higher than those in stem part and their contents in pine needles were increased according to their growth. Free sugars like fructose, glucose and sucrose were contained in both pine sprouts and needles, and their contents in pine sprouts were higher in stem part as compared that in leaf part. Although fourteen kinds of amino acids were detected in pine sprouts and pine needles, their contents were extremely low. Amino acid composition between pine sprouts and pine needles was different each other, but major amino acids contained in them were same, those are acidic amino acids such as aspartic acid and glutamic acid. Amino acid contents in pine needles were increased according to the growth. In fatty acid composition in leaf part of pine sprouts, saturated fatty acid contents were higher than unsaturated fatty acid contents, but in stem part unsaturated fatty acid contents were higher. In pine needles the amount of saturated fatty acid was increased with the growth, but the amount of unsaturated fatty acid was rather decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.320-326
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• 2004

We have extracted the natural pine-needles to use ethanol in solvent, and could obtain the refined oil component from pine-needles extract. We have tested the antimicrobial effect from microbe experiment and analyzed with ICP/OES, GC/MS. we could obtain the next conclusion from the result of this experiment. In the first result of this experiment we could know that in case of increasing concentration of pine-needles, the number of microbe decreased more and more. Also we could know that the refined oil component of pine-needles appeared the sterilization effect of S-aureus and E-coli after 96hrs and 120hrs. So we could know that the refined oil component of appeared effect to microbe. In the second result of this experiment we could know that inorganic materials of Ca, Mg, V, Mn etcs from pine-needles detected to ICP/OES analysis and the aromatic compounds from refined oil component of pine-needles was certificated to GC/MS analysis.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.196-203
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate usefulness of the pine needles extract on Atopic Dermatitis(AD)-like skin lesions. To investigate the effect of pine needles extract in vivo, atopic dermatitis (NC/Nga) mice using DNCB (2.4-Dinitrochlorbenzene) was used. NC/Nga mice were challenged with DNCB during 2 weeks to develope AD-like skin lesion. After that, pine needles extract was applied to AD-like skin lesion on the backs of the NC/Nga mice during 3 weeks. The efficacy of pine needles extract in the NC/Nga mice was evaluated by measurement of the skin lesion severity(NC mouse score), the serum IgE level, epidermal thickness changes, and mast cell number. Blood was collected from the retro-orbital area and the level of IgE in the blood was measured. The epidermal thickness and mast cell number were observed by microscopic method after H&E stain. The serum IgE levels were decreased after treatment with pine needles extract. The epidermal thickness and mast cell number were decreased after treatment with pine needles extract. To conclude, the topical application of pine needles extract suppressed the progression of AD-like skin lesion.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2005

We extracted pine-needles using ethanol as solvent, and we obtained the refined oil component from pine-needles extract. Also we tested the tyrosinase activated inhibition effect with melanin experiment and analysed with ICP/OES and UV/VIS. Accordingly we obtained the next conclusion from the result of this experiment. From the first result of this experiment, we could know that the degree of recovery of refined oil component from pine-needles extract appeared in about 8.0%. From the second result of this experiment, we could know that the tyrosinase activated inhibition rate increased more and more in case of increasing concentration of pine-needles, green-tea, vitamine-C. Also we could know that vitarnine-C influences to tyrosinase activated inhibition contained in pine-needles. From the third result of this experiment, we could know that inorganic materials of Ca, Mg, V, Mn, etc contained in pine-needles detected with ICP/OES analysis, and the absorbance of pine-needles extract appeared very high in UV/VIS analysis.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.213-220
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• 2008

The characteristics of PAHs accumulated on pine needles which were used as passive samplers of atmospheric POPs were studied. Atmospheric PAHs were accumulated on pine needles. The absorbed rate of PAHs was higher in gaseous state than in particulate and is not constant. The accumulation rate did not change too much among different classes of pine trees. Therefore young pine needles is better as a passive sampler of atmospheric PAHs for short monitoring period.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.1 s.88
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• pp.46-52
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• 2006

Results for the concentrations of total polychlorinated biphenyls (total PCBs) and the PCB profile with different types of leaves from four coniferous trees (pine needles) at the same sampling site are presented. Concentrations of total PCBs detected in pine needles were very similar among them regardless of their different types of leaves, which means a possibility for bio-monitoring regional contamination of PCBs. Correlation coefficients(r) of PCB congeners between pine needles were very significant (r>0.97, p<0.001), which showed that PCB congener's patterns of each pine needle were similar. Profiles of PCBs detected in pine needles showed correlation with gaseous phase PCBs in air, otherwise not with particle phase PCBs in air. Therefore, it was estimated that dry gaseous deposition was a principal pathway of PCBs accumulation in pine needles. In addition, although we analyse a different types of leaves in pine needles at the same region, they can be used to identify regional contamination patterns of PCBs for larger regions.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.32 no.2 s.89
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• pp.111-117
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• 2006

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in pine needles and soil samples from rural area were analyzed in this study. Concentrations of PBDE congeners were ranged between 0.2 and 3104 pg/g DW(dry weight) in pine needles and between 2.4 and 1997 pg/g DW in soil samples. The most abundant congener both in pine needles and soil samples was BDE-209, which was related to importation and production of deca-BDE technical mixtures in Korean industry. And BDE-99, BDE-47, BDE-100 deposited in pine needles and soil samples were closely matched with the major constituents of the penta-BDE technical mixture. Those can be interpreted as an evidence that transfer of the congeners in deca-BDE and penta-BDE technical mixtures from source to pine needle and soil occurs with broadly similar efficiency. Correlation coefficient(r) of PBDE congeners deposited in pine needles and soil samples is very significant because it implies th at there has been little weathering/degradation/alteration of the congeners generated from sources during atmospheric transport or within pine needles and soil themselves.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.117-121
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• 1998

In the study to reduce the error on the method of sampling pine needles to monitor the atmospheric concentration of polychlorinated biphenyls(PBCs),it was found that: 1. Concentration of PCBs almost linearly increased from new to three-years-old pine needles, so that the biomonitoring method using pine needles canbe applied to measuring long-term contamination from air in a local area. Needles of differernt age should not be mixed in sampling but be seperately analysed .It no good idea comparing PCB concentrations of differently aged needles. 2. Concentratio n of PCBs on pine needles had nothing to do whit the indivisual and age of the pine tree. 3. Concentration of PCBs on pine needles growing avobe was lower than that on needke below. 4. Concentration of PCBs on pine needles locatied in poorly ventilative places such as needle of a forest was lower than that on needles in well-ventilated areas.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.218-229
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• 2011

Dyeing properties of cotton and ramie fabrics with pine needles colorants were studied by investigating the analysis of pine needles colorants, the effect of dyeing conditions (such as dye concentration, dyeing temperatures and times on dye uptakes), effect of mordants, and color change. The various colorfastness of dyed fabrics were evaluated for practical use; in addition, the antimicrobial ability, ultraviolet-cut ability, and deodorant ability were estimated. In the UV-Visible spectrum, the wavelength of the maximum absorption for pine needles extract was 285nm, and pine needles colorants produced a yellow color. From FT-IR and GC-MS results, it was assumed that chromophoric substance from pine needles extracts were mixed with flavonol tannin and flavanol tannin. An increased dyeing concentration resulted in a larger dye uptake and a Freundlich absorption isotherm was obtained. A larger dye uptake occurred as the dyeing time and temperature increased. Post-mordanting was more effective than pre-mordanting and the dye uptake of fabrics improved by mordanting. The colorfastness of dyed fabrics showed a low rating; however, colorfastness to washing and dry cleaning of cotton fabrics mordanted with N.Cu, and friction fastness of ramie fabric mordanted with Cu improved. The dyed fabrics showed very good antimicrobial abilities of 99.9%. In addition, the ultraviolet-cut ability and deodorant ability improved in fabrics dyed with pine needles extracts.