• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.36-43
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• 1990

The quality of raw, red and white ginseng and the contents of some minerals were examined using 6-year-old ginseng roots produced in different shades, thatch and polyethylene net (P..E.). The yield of first and second grade ginseng roots was higher in the thatch shade than in the P.E. shade. The smaller sizes of ginseng routs were probably due to loss of ginseng yield called by alternaria blight in the third and fourth years, and lower quality was dale to more rusty roots in the P.E. shading. For red ginseng. rates of heaven and earth grades were higher in the P.E. than thatch shade. producing red ginseng with less inside cavity Production of white ginseng was higher in the thatch shade than in the P.E. shade. showing a higher yield, better piece grade, lower inside crack and better quality index in the thatch. The contents of some minerals such as K, Ca, Mg and Mn of fine ginseng roots differed between the two shades, some of which had a significant correlation with the quality indices of white ginseng. Keywords Thatch shade, polyethylene shade, alternaria blight, rulsty root, quality of ginseng.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.416-420
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• 2008

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of shading material on the chlorophyll fluorescence, photosynthesis, transpiration, stomatal conductance and its any correlations in Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer. Fo was higher in polyethylene shade net than in silver-coated shading plate, but this treatment caused a lower Fm in comparison with silver-coated shading plate. Also, Fv/Fm and PhiPS2 showed higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net. The relationship between net photosynthetic rate and transpiration, stomatal conductance were increased as the PAR (Photosynthetic active radiation) was increased and reached maximum at the $200-400\;{\mu}mol/m^{2}/s$ of PAR in all of leaves, and the higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net. A linear equation was obtained between net photosynthetic rate and transpiration, net photosynthetic rate and stomatal conductance. SPAD was higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.397-406
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• 2009

This study was carried out to investigate the microclimate (photosynthetically active radiation and temperature) response to different shading materials(shade plate, and polyethylene net) on Korean ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) bed. Photosynthetically active radiation(PAR) under polyethylene net was approximately 24 ~ 30% higher than that under shade plate on sunny day. Also, PAR was remarkably decreased from the front to the rear rows of ginseng beds. Temperature under polyethylene net was higher than that of shade plate. Internal temperature under polyethylene net was 1.9 ~ 3.1% higher than that under shade plate at the different rows of ginseng bed. Mean of total daily temperature under polyethylene net was higher at the rear rows than at the front rows, while that under shade plate was higher at the front rows than at the rear row of ginseng bed. Mean of total daily temperature on sunny days(April 15 and May 17) was 7.3% lower under shade plate than above outside but, polyethylene net was 0.7% high, while that on cloudy days(April 11 and May 15) was 1.6% higher under polyethylene net than above outside, but shade plate was 0.7% low. Also, overall mean of total daily temperature under polyethylene net was 7.0, 7.8, and 8.8 % on sunny day(April 15 and May 17), and 1.7, 1.6, and 3.5% on cloudy day(April 11 and May 15) higher than that under shade plate, respectively. The SPAD values of 6 years old ginseng at two point(front, center) in bed under shade plate showed the highest value, and the lowest under polyethylene net. The SPAD of 6 years old ginseng at rear in bed was not statistically significant under two shading materials.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.291-295
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the optimum shading material of rain shelter in Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer. Results obtained from our experiment can be summarized as follows. From photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) as shade materials on sunny day, temperature under rain shelter was low in comparison with that under polyethylene net. It was ranged from 3 to $5^{\circ}C$ Survival rate of 3,4, and 5 year-old ginsengs under shade materials of rain shelter was lower than that under polyethylene net. Root fresh weight in ginseng grown under rain shelter was increased into about 5.0g in 3 year-old, 10g in 4 year-old and 8g in 5 year-old ginsengs. From investigating root grade of 3, 4, and 5 year-old ginsengs, we confirmed that rain shelter was more effective than the other as shading materials. Root size of 3, 4, 5 year-old ginsengs grown under rain shelter is distributed in bigger size than that grown under polyethylene net. Also, in the case of saponin contents, the ginseng grown under the shade material of rain shelter was higher than that under polyethylene net.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.65-69
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• 2010

As cool-season plant, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is planted under shade-installation with tall front and low rear. However, at different planting positions, distinct differences come out because ginseng grows at the same position within 3~5 years and the growth circumstance changes a lot by the shade-installation. So, in this study, changes of temperature, photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence with varieties of shading material and planting position were investigated. Light transmittances by polyethylene shade net and silver-coated shading plate as planting materials were measured according to different planting positions. Photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll fluorescence were measured by LI-6400-40 (Li-Cor). According to different planting positions, light intensity was higher in silver-coated shading plate than in polyethylene shade net, and higher at front than rear. Also, photosynthetic rate showed the same tendency, which had a positive correlation to light intensity. But this treatment caused a lower Fo compared with polyethylene shade net because of the stress by light and temperature. Also, Fv/Fm and ETR were higher in silver-coated shading plate. Fo was similar at front and rear according to silver-coated shading plate and ETR was higher at front.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.463-471
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• 2008

This study investigated the clinical effectiveness and safety of sealed bleaching compared to conventional in-office bleaching using a randomized clinical trial of split arch design. Ten participants received a chairside bleaching treatment on the upper anterior teeth, and each side was randomly designated as sealed or control side. A mixture of Brite powder (PacDent, Walnut, USA), 3% hydrogen peroxide and carbamide peroxide (KoolWhite, PacDent, Walnut, USA) were used as bleaching agent. The control side was unwrapped and the experimental side was covered with a linear low density polyethylene (LLDPE) wrap for sealed bleaching. The bleaching gel was light activated for 1 hour. The tooth shades were evaluated before treatment, after treatment, and at one week check up by means of a visual shade (VS) assessment using a value oriented shade guide and a computer assisted shade assessment using a spectrophotometer (SP). The data were analyzed by paired t-test. In the control and sealed groups, the visual shade scores after bleaching treatment and at check up showed statistically significant difference from the preoperative shade scores (p<.05). The shade scores of the sealed group were significantly lighter than the control immediately after bleaching and at the check-up appointment (p<0.05). Compared to prebleaching status, the ${\Delta}E$ values at post bleaching condition were $4.35{\pm}1.38\;and\;5.08{\pm}1.34$ for the control and sealed groups, respectively. The ${\Delta}E$ values at check up were $3.73{\pm}1.95\;and\;4.38{\pm}2.08$ for the control and sealed groups. ${\Delta}E$ values were greater for the sealed group both after bleaching (p<.05) and at check up (p<.05). In conclusion, both ${\Delta}E$ and shade score changes were greater for the sealed bleaching group than the conventional bleaching group, effectively demonstrating the improvement of effectiveness through sealing.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.182-186
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• 1994

This study was conducted to define the effects of color of polyethylene (P.E.) net shading on the meteorological conditions under the shading growth status, photosynthesis and saponin contents of ginseng plant. Red and blue polyethylene net shading (4 fold) showed a good light intensity of ginseng growth, but red one not only increased air temperature but also resulted in early defoliation. Photosynthetic rate of ginseng leaves was increased in order of red, blue and black shade, Root yield and saponin contents were significantly increased red and blue net as compared with those of common straw shading. Blue color appeared to be most recommendable.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.118-123
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• 2013

This study was carried out to select optimal shade materials among four-layered polyethylene (PE) net (FLPN), aluminium-coated PE sheet (APSS), and blue PE sheet (BPSS) in condition of paddy field cultivated 6-year-old ginseng. The order of light-penetrated ratio and air temperature by shade materials was BPSS > APSS > FLPN. Light-penetrated ratio of BPSS before two fold shade was more 3 times and 2 times than that of FLPN and APSS, respectively. Air temperature of BPSS was also higher $1.6^{\circ}C$ and $1.4^{\circ}C$ than that of FLPN and APSS, respectively. BPSS showed good cultural environment because all of light-penetrated ratio and air temperature were become higher in spring and fall season but lower in summer season by additional shade with two-layered PE net. Survived-leaf ratio was highest in BPSS and lowest in FLPN causing a little water leak on a rainy day. Rusty-root ratio was also highest in FLPN because soil moisture content was increased by water leak. The order of root yield was BPSS > APSS > FLPN, and the cause of highest yield in BPSS was higher light-penetrated ratio during spring and fall season, higher survived-leaf ratio, and lower rusty-root ratio than that of APSS and FLPN. BPSS showed highest total ginsenoside content because of high light-penetrated ratio, blue light effect, and the difference in dry matter partitioning ratio such as low taproot ratio, and high lateral root ratio.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.4
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• pp.504-509
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• 2015

This research carried out to figure out the effect of the green manure crop cultivated at a preparation field and the shading net on the growth, development, and quality of ginseng. Followings are results obtained from the research. Leaf width of ginseng under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polythylene net (TBTBPN) was good at rye and hairy vetch cultured group. Leaf length of ginseng under the shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN) was good at barley and hairy vetch cultured group. Meanwhile, leaf width was good at hairy vetch cultured group. Leaf length of ginseng under a blue polyethylene sheet (BPS) was good at a barley and barley + hairy vetch cultured group, but stem length was shorter compare to other shading net cultivations. Root weight of ginseng was good under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN) at a rye and hairy vetch cultured group, and was good under the shading net of a three-layered blue and onelayered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN) at a barley + hairy vetch cultured group, but there was no significant difference under blackout screen according to manure crop varieties. Ratio of rusty root was 10.2% at the barley cultured group under the shading net of a two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN), and was 23.1% at hairy vetch cultured group under shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN). Ratio of rusty root was the lowest at a rye cultured group regardless the shading nets. Content of the ginsenoside was the highest at the rye cultured group under the shading net of two-layered blue and two-layered black polyethylene net (TBTBPN), was the highest at the barley cultured group under the shading net of a three-layered blue and one-layered black polyethylene net (TBOBPN), and was the highest at the rye cultured group under the blackout screen.

• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 1988.08a
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• pp.129-132
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• 1988

Ginseng is cultivated in Korea. Japan. China. the Soviet Union and North America. Studies of the macroclimate of each of these producing areas shows that ginseng has certain requirements for production. In each producing area the microclimate is modified in different ways. Comparisons of recent research data from North America. Korea and China is presented in order to define. more precisely. the various microclimate requirements for ginseng production. These include studies of light interception as influenced by different shade materials. In North America. wood. woven black polypropylene and knitted polyethylene shade are used. whereas in China. dried grasses are bound together in layers with wire and polyvinylchloride is inserted between the layers. The influence of these various shade materials in terms of crop grow1h and root yield are presented. The major effect of temperature seems to be on root growth. During much of the growing season optimum temperatures for root grow1h are not reached. Growth analysis data for different age plants are being used to show the effects of different soil temperature regimes on distribution of dry matter between the shoot and root.