• The Journal of Korean Medicine
• /
• v.17 no.1 s.31
• /
• pp.478-493
• /
• 1996

The components of Red-ginseng radix extract solution for herb- acupuncture were analyzed by HPLC. According to the Medical Product Safety Administration Guidelines for safety assessment, mice and rats were used for acute toxicity test. The results were summarized as follows; 1. In the Saponin contents(%) of Red-ginseng radix extract, Ginsenoside $Rb_1$ Saponin was 0.27% in raw material, 1.67% in extract powder and Ginsenoside Rc Saponin was 0.16% in raw material, 1.12% in extract powder and Ginsenoside Rd Saponin was 0.08% in raw material, 0.54% in extract powder. 2. There were no abnormal findings in acute toxicity test treated with Red-ginseng radix extract solution for herb-acupuncture and $LD_{50}$ could not be measured.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.261-263
• /
• 2017

Anisakis is a parasite with life cycles involving fish and marine mammals. Human infection, anisakiasis, occurs with the ingestion of raw infected seafood and usually presents with acute or chronic gastrointestinal symptoms from esophageal or gastric invasion. We report a rare caseinvolving the oral cavity. A 39-year-old male presented with oral and sub-sternal pain of one day duration after eating raw cuttlefish. Physical examination revealed areas of erythema and edema with a central white foreign particle on the labial and buccal mucosa. With microscopic field we could remove the foreign material from the lesions. The foreign material was confirmed to be Anisakis. Anisakis was also removed from the esophagus by esophagogastroduodenoscopy. The patient was discharged the following day without complication. Anisakiasis is frequently reported in Korea and Japan, countries where raw seafood ingestion is popular. The symptoms of acute anisakiasis include pain, nausea, and vomiting and usually begin 2-12 hours after ingestion. The differential diagnosis includes food poisoning, acute gastritis, and acute pancreatitis. A history of raw seafood ingestion is important to the diagnosis of anisakiasis. Treatment is complete removal of the Anisakis to relieve acute symptoms and prevent chronic granulomatous inflammation.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.22 no.3
• /
• pp.542-547
• /
• 2008

In order to examine anti-inflammatory effect of Cinnamomi Ramulus (CR) alcohol extract on rheumatoid arthritis, the present study investigated the viability and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in Raw264.7 cells treated with CR and collagen induced arthritis in DBA/1J mice which were orally administered with CR prior to immunization. The results are as follows: CR extract at $20{\mu}g/ml$ inhibited the viability of Raw264.7 by 50%. CR at 15 and $20{\mu}g/ml$ showed a significant decrease in TNF-${\alpha}$ levels from Raw264.7 cells treated with LPS. CR administration decreased arthritic index in DBA/1J mice immunized with bovine collagen type II but it did not reach statistical significance. CR administration significantly decreased spleen weights obtained from mice in 6 weeks after immunization. CR administration significantly decreased serum anti-type II collagen antibody levels compared with control group. CR administration decreased serum IL-6 levels compared with control group but it did not reach statistical significance.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.11-23
• /
• 2022

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of Cistanche deserticola Water Extracts(CDWE). Methods : In this study, cell viability was determined by MTT assay. NO production was determined with Griess reagent, and IL-6 production was determined by ELISA. And western blot analysis was performed to confirm the protein expression of NOS2, COX-2, I𝜅B-𝛼, p-I𝜅B-𝛼, and NF-𝜅B. Results : CDWE was not cytotoxic at 15.625-1,000㎍/㎖ in RAW 264.7 cells. CDWE inhibited NO production in a concentration-dependent manner, with inhibitory effect on expression levels of IL-6. Expression level of NOS2, NF-𝜅B p65, and p-I𝜅B-𝛼 decreased at 250-1,000㎍/㎖. mRNA expression of COX-2 suppressed at 250, 1,000㎍/㎖. Conclusions : These results suggest that CDWE has anti-inflammatory effects and can be used as an anti-inflammatory therapeutic material.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
• /
• v.37 no.3
• /
• pp.427-441
• /
• 2016

Objectives: This study investigated the aconitine contents analysis of Buja extracts (raw material of Buja, hot water extract of Buja, and hot water extract of Sambu-tang) and the single oral dose toxicity of Sambu-tang-R in six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats in order to compare the toxicity of Buja extracts.Methods: Aconitine content analysis is that Buja extracts were hold purity test. To detect single oral dose toxicity, six-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups, a normal control group and a sambutang-R (2,000 mg/kg) group. For 14 days of treatment, clinical signs, body weight, clinical chemistry, necropsy, and histopathology were examined.Results: The aconitine contents of the Buja extracts were Buja-RH (0.1738%), Buja-RD (0.1746%), and Sambu-tang-R (0.0961%). There were no cases of death in either the control group or the experimental group. Nor was there any disorder to the clinical signs or any significant change in body weight in either group. There was no significant change of clinical chemistry or disorder of necropsy findings in either the control or the experimental group. And there was no difference in histopathological findings in comparing the control group with the experimental group.Conclusions: These results suggest that the aconitine content of the hot water extract of Buja was similar to the raw material of Buja, but the hot water extract of Sambu-tang had greatly decreased aconitine content. These results also suggest that a single oral lethal dose of Sambu-tang-R for Sprague-Dawley rats exceeds 2,000 mg/kg for both female and male rats.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.30 no.5
• /
• pp.23-28
• /
• 2015

Objectives : The aim of this study is to investigate cell viability, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immunoenhancing activity using various extracts of Yeonsan Ogye.Methods : In order to evaluate cytotoxicity, MTT assay was performed. We investigated production levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αand interleukin (IL)-6, and nitric oxide(NO) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. NO production in RAW 264.7 cells was measured by using Griess reagent. Cytokines including IL-6 and TNF-αwere measured by Luminex and ROS was measured by Flow cytometry.Results : No cytotoxicity of various extracts of Yeonsan Ogye was observed in RAW 264.7 cells. Productions of ROS in RAW 264.7 cells were increased from extraction of bones and decreased from extraction of skin. Also, productions of NO in RAW 264.7 cells were increased to bone extract and decreased at skin extract. In addition, productions of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells were decreased at skin, meat extracts, respectively. Finally, the levels of immune-related cytokines (IL-6 and TNF-α) were increased compared to those of the normal group.Conclusions : It is concluded that Yeonsan Ogye extracts seem to have significant biological activities likes anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, immuno-enhancing etc. These results may be developed as a raw material for new health food and new therapeutics to ease the symptoms related with inflammatory and oxidative stress. In terms of oriental traditional medicine, we expect that it contribute to building of EBM (Evidence-Based Medicine) from the this result.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.28 no.4
• /
• pp.51-61
• /
• 2015

Objective : This research has been conducted to comparative analysis of anti-inflammatory effects to suggest a usefulness of ethanol extracts fromGentianae sino-ornata(GSO) as a functional material for inflammatory activities.Methods : Cell viability was measured by neutral red (NR) assay, and nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells was monitored by measuring the nitrite content in culture medium. The expressions of cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) was determined by western blot analysis, and Inducible nitric oxide syntase (iNOS) and cytokine were determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).Results : When the GSO extract was added the concentration of 5-20 ㎍/㎕, the viability of cells was maintained 90% or more at all levels. NO production was suppressed by the treatment of GSO in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. GSO inhibited the expression of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1βand IL-6 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.Conclusions: From this results, we consider that GSO can be a useful therapeutic and preventive approach to various inflammatory diseases as a functional material for inflammatory activities.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.21-27
• /
• 2009

Objectives: Spatholobi Caulis is the stem of Spatholobus suberectus Dunn., which has been used for treating menstrual disorders, anemia, and rheumatic arthralgia in traditional Oriental medicine, This study was conducted to evaluate the inhibitory effects of Spatholobi Caulis extract (SCE) on the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines in LPS-activated Raw264,7 cells. Methods : Cell viability was determined by MIT assay. Relative levels of NO were measured with Griess reagent and pro-inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA Expression of iNOS and COX-2 proteins were determined by western blotting. Results : NO production and iNOS expression were increased by incubation with LPS for 24 h. However, the augmented NO was reduced by SCE in a dose-dependent manner. Expressions of iNOS and COX-2 were inhibited by the treatment with SCE, SCE also suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1beta and IL-6. Conclusions : These results indicate that the MeOH extract of Spatholobi Caulis warrant further development as an anti-inflammatory agent for the treatment of Gram-negative bacterial infections.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.99-105
• /
• 2018

The aim of this study is to compare the anti-inflammatory and immunological activity of different parts (bone, meat, and rind) of Yeonsan Ogye (YO). In order to evaluate cytotoxicity, MTT assay was performed. We investigated the production of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6, and TNF-${\alpha}$, in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. All parts of the YO showed no toxicity at concentrations of 1, 10, and $100{\mu}g/m{\ell}$. Rooster's bone, hen's bone, and rind decreased the production of NO. And rooster's bone, meat, and hen's bone also attenuated TNF-${\alpha}$ production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, all parts of the YO decreased IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells, whereas they all increased IL-$1{\beta}$, IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ production in normal RAW264.7 cells. Rooster exhibited higher immune activation and inhibitory activity on inflammation than a hen, and among different parts of the YO, bone showed the highest activity. Our results demonstrated and compared the anti-inflammatory and immunological activity of different parts of the YO. These results suggest that YO may be developed as a raw material for new health supplement food and medicine to attenuate various symptoms related to inflammation and immunity.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.574-583
• /
• 2022

Ficus vasculosa Wall. ex Miq. (FV) has been used as a herbal medicine in Southeast Asia and its antioxidant activity has been shown in previous studies. However, it has not yet been elucidated whether FV exerts anti-inflammatory effects on activated-macrophages. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the ameliorative property of FV methanol extract (FM) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses and the underlying molecular mechanisms in RAW264.7 macrophages. The experimental results indicated that FM decreased the production of inflammatory mediators (NO/PGE2) and the mRNA/protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. FM also reduced the secretion of interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Results also demonstrated that FM improved inflammatory response in LPS-stimulated A549 airway epithelial cells by inhibiting the production of cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. In addition, FM suppressed MAPK activation and NF-κB nuclear translocation induced by LPS. FM also upregulated the mRNA/protein expression levels of heme oxygenase-1 and the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in RAW264.7 cells. In an experimental animal model of LPS-induced acute lung injury, the increased levels of molecules in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid were suppressed by FM administration. Collectively, it was founded that FM has anti-inflammatory properties on activated-macrophages by suppressing inflammatory molecules and regulating the activation of MAPK/NF-κB signaling.