• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.375-381
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• 2008

A new disease causing skin sooty dapple symptoms on fruits, leaves, and young shoot of Asian pear occurred in Korea. However, no chemical control approaches has been developed to control this disease. To investigate ecological aspects of this disease, we conducted field surveys in the high or low disease occurred orchards. The years with heavy rainfall caused severe occurrence of the skin sooty dapple disease than the years with lower rainfall during all growth stages of pear fruit. Different fruit-wrapping bags did not prevent occurrence of skin sooty dapple disease, and lesion numbers were higher in lower parts of fruit equatorial line inside of fruit-wrapping bags. There is a direct correlation between occurrence of the skin sooty dapple disease and frequency of fungicide application in the orchards. Among the tested commercial fungicides, thiophanate-methyl WP and penconazole WP completely inhibited the growth of the Cladosporium sp. in in vitro studies but little protection was observed in the field following fungicide applications. However, application of lime sulfur combined with the use of fruit-wrapping bags most effectively reduced incidence of the disease in the field. Our results suggest that skin sooty dapple disease could be a serious problem in sustainable organic pear farms and effective control methods for this disease urgently required.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.539-548
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• 2011

This study was conducted to control unseasonable flowering in a standard chrysanthemum 'Baekma' bred in Korea by 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (ethephon) and night temperature (NT) through suppression of the transition from a vegetative to a reproductive stage under long day length caused by high NT in summer season. Ethephon was applied either once or twice at a concentration of 0, 200, 400, or $800mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$. The NT within controlled mini-plastic houses was maintained at 13, 17, or $21^{\circ}C$. The NT at $13^{\circ}C$ showed the greatest inhibiting effect of unseasonable flowering among all NTs regardless of various combinations of ethephon concentration and frequency. Moreover, the inhibition tendency of unseasonable flowering was distinctly decreased in a NT-dependant manner. Higher NTs reduced cut flower length and number of leaves, but increased the number of young leaves attached to top part of the flower. Higher ethephon concentrations and lower NTs increased cut flower length and the fresh weight of total, stem, and leaves due to the extension of vegetative growth period. Thus, if it is difficult to control the NT below $21^{\circ}C$ in greenhouses in the summer season, we recommended to spray more than $200mg{\cdot}L^{-1}$ ethephon once after planting to suppress unseasonable flowering and to ensure sufficient length of cut flowers.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.31-45
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• 2017

According to the railway accident statistics in recent years, the frequency of accidents has been significantly reduced, due to the advance of related technologies and the establishment of safety information management systems. Nonetheless, accidents due to errors in the operation and maintenance phase and faults in safety design continue to occur. Therefore, to prevent accidents, guidelines for the safety design and manufacture of railway vehicles were established, and a request for the independent safety evaluation of safety designs was made. To respond to this, rail system developers must prepare safety cases as a safety activity product. One of the main items of these safety cases is the safety-related application conditions (SRAC) and, thus, the question of how to develop these SRAC is an important one. The SRAC studies reported so far focused only on the simplicity of the derivation procedure and the specific safety activities in the design phase. This method seems to have the advantage of quickly deriving SRAC items. However, there is a risk that some important safety-related items may be missing. As such, this paper proposes an improved method of developing the SRAC based on the idea of performing both the safety design and safety evaluation activities throughout the whole system lifecycle. In this way, it is possible to develop and manage the SRAC more systematically. Especially, considering the SRAC from the initial stage of the design can allow the safety requirements to be reflected to a greater extent. Also, an application case study on railway signaling systems shows that the method presented herein can prevent the omission of important safety-related items, due to the consideration of the SRAC throughout the system lifecycle.

• Korean Journal of Cognitive Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.23-31
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• 2004

Latent Semantic Analysis (LSA Landauer ＆ Dumais, 1997) is a technique to represent the meanings of words using co-occurrence information of words appearing in he same context, which is usually a sentence or a document. In LSA, a word is represented as a point in multidimensional space where each axis represents a context, and a word's meaning is determined by its frequency in each context. The space is reduced by singular value decomposition (SVD). The present study elaborates upon LSA for use of representation of ambiguous words. The proposed LSA applies rotation of axes in the document space which makes possible to interpret the meaning of un. A simulation study was conducted to illustrate the performance of LSA in representation of ambiguous words. In the simulation, first, the texts which contain an ambiguous word were extracted and LSA with rotation was performed. By comparing loading matrix, we categorized the texts according to meanings. The first meaning of an ambiguous wold was represented by LSA with the matrix excluding the vectors for the other meaning. The other meanings were also represented in the same way. The simulation showed that this way of representation of an ambiguous word can identify the meanings of the word. This result suggest that LSA with axis rotation can be applied to representation of ambiguous words. We discussed that the use of rotation makes it possible to represent multiple meanings of ambiguous words, and this technique can be applied in the area of web searching.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.14-22
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• 2017

The frequency and scale of natural disasters due to the abnormal climate phenomena caused by global warming have being increasing all over the world. Various natural disasters, such as typhoons, earthquakes, floods, heavy rain, drought, sweltering heat, wind waves, tsunamis and so on, can cause damage to human life. Especially, the damage caused by natural disasters such as the Earthquake of Japan, hurricane Katrina in the United States, typhoon Maemi and so on, have been enormous. At this stage, it is difficult to estimate the scale of damage due to (future) natural disasters and cope with them. However, if we could predict the scale of damage at the disaster response level, the damage could be reduced by responding to them promptly. In the present study, therefore, among the many types of natural disaster, we developed a function to estimate the damage due to wind waves caused by sea winds and waves. We collected the damage records from the Disaster Report ('91~'14) published by the Ministry of Public Safety and Security about wind waves and typhoons in the western coastal zone and, in order to reflect the inflation rate, we converted the amount of damage each year into the equivalent amount in 2014. Finally, the meteorological data, such as the wave height, wind speed, tide level, wave direction, wave period and so on, were collected from the KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration) and KHOA (Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency)'s web sites, for the periods when wind wave and typhoon damage occurred. After that, the function used to estimate the wind wave damage was developed by reflecting the regional characteristics for the 9 areas of the western coastal zone.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.92-100
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• 2018

Vortical systems are considered a main feature to sustain turbulence in a boundary layer through interaction. Such turbulent structures result in frictional drag and erosion or vibration in engineering applications. Research for controlling turbulent flow has been actively carried out, but in order to show the effect of vortices in a turbulent boundary layer, it is necessary to clarify the mechanism by which turbulent energy is transferred. For this purpose, it is convenient to demonstrate and capture phenomena in a laminar boundary layer. Therefore, in this study, the interactions of disturbed flow around a hemisphere on a flat plate in laminar flow were analyzed. In other words, a street of hairpin vortices was generated following a wake region formed after flow separation occurred over a hemisphere. Necklace vortices surrounding the hemisphere also appeared due to a strong adverse pressure gradient that brought high momentum fluid into the wake region thereby leading to an increase in the frequency of hairpin vortices. To mitigate the effect of these necklace vortices, local suction control was applied through a hole in front of the hemisphere. Flow visualization was recorded to qualitatively determine flow modifications, and hot-film measurements quantitatively supported conclusions on how much the power of the hairpin vortices was reduced by local wall suction.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.51-61
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• 2014

It is necessary to perform a dynamic analysis to numerically evaluate the effect of blasting on nearby facilities. The blast load time history, which cannot be directly measured, is most often determined from empirical equation. The load has to be adjusted to account for various factors influencing the load and the frequency, but there is not a clear guideline on how to adjust the load. In this study, a series of 2D dynamic numerical analyses that simulates a closely monitored test blasting is performed, from which the blast load that matches the measured vibrations are derived. In the analyses, it is assumed that the hole generated by the blasting is in the form of a circle, and the load was applied normally to the wall of the opening. Special attention was given in selecting the damping ratio for the ground, since it has important influence on the wave propagation and attenuation characteristics of the blast induce waves. The damping ratio was selected such that it matches favorably with the attenuation curve of the measurement. The analyses demonstrate that the empirical blast load widely used in practice highly overstimates the vibration since it does not account for the energy loss due to rock fragmentation. If the empirical load is used without proper adjustment, the numerical analysis may seriously overstimate the predicted vibration, and thus has to be reduced in the analysis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.77-82
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• 2003

This investigation was conducted to study the effect of dietary formic acid (FA) and propionic acid (PA) mixture on inhibitory effect of Salmonella pullorum in layer chicks. Nine groups of one day-old layer chicks in addition to positive and negative controls, were fed with acids treated feed containing mixture of different acids concentrations, from 0.5% and 0.5% up to 1.5% and 1.5% FA and PA, respectively. Positive and negative controls were fed untreated feed. Groups except the negative control were challenged orally on day three with $10^4$ cfu/ml S. pullorum. Cloacal swabs were taken at three successive days and at 7, 14 and 21 days of challenge. After 1, 2 and 3 weeks after challenge, 4 chicks from each group were sacrificed and crop and cecal contents were examined for S. pullorum and pH. The numbers of S. pullorum positive culture from the excretion of all treated groups except groups treated with mixture of 0.5% and 0.5%, 1% and 0.5%, 0.5% and 1% FA and PA decreased significantly (p<0.05) as compared with the positive control. The mortality rates of all treated groups except the group treated with 0.5% FA and 0.5% PA were decreased significantly (p<0.05) as compared with the positive control. The treatment significantly (p<0.05) lowered the pH of the crop and cecal contents in all groups except the group treated with 0.5% FA and 0.5% PA as compared with the control. Also, the treatment significantly (p<0.05) lowered the pH of the crop and cecal contents in all groups after three weeks of treatment compared to the first and second weeks. The treatments significantly (p<0.05) lowered the frequency of S. pullorum recovery from crop and cecal contents in six groups treated with 1.5 and 0.5, 1 and 1, 1.5 and 1, 0.5 and 1.5, 1 and 1.5, 1.5% and 1.5% FA and PA respectively. These results indicate that addition of FA and PA mixture in a total concentration of 2 % or more to the diet of newly hatched infected layer chicks significantly decreases the crop and cecal colonization by S. pullorum and significantly decreases S. pullorum fecal excretion and reduced the chick mortality rate.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.198-203
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• 2008

This study was conducted to compare the effects of feeding high protein and low energy milk replacer (HPR; CP 25%, ME 3.6 Mcal/kg DM) with low protein and high energy milk replacer (HPR; CP 21%, ME 4.2 Mcal/kg DM) on feed consumption, body weight (BW) gain, health and selected blood metabolites in Holstein calves during the pre-weaning period. At each feeding, each milk replacer (MR) was prepared by mixing 0.125 kg of dry MR in 1L of warm ($60^{\circ}C$) water. The calves were fed either HPR (n = 10) or HER (n = 10) using mobile plastic bottles fitted with soft rubber nipples. All calves received 1.8L diluted MR at each feeding 3 times daily during the first 4 weeks of age; feeding frequency was reduced to 2 times daily for the next 2 weeks of age and then to once daily during the last week of the experiment. Jugular blood was sampled in calves at day 7, 14, 21, 35 and 49 of age to enumerate selected metabolites. Daily MR, starter and hay intake during the pre-weaning period were similar in calves fed HPR and HER. Consumption of starter, MGH and total DM steadily increased with the age of calves. Final BW, daily BW gain and feed efficiency of calves were not affected by treatments. Serum glucose, cholesterol, creatinine were decreased (p<0.05) and blood urea N was increased (p<0.05) in calves fed HER or HPR as they grew older. Serum glucose, total protein and albumin concentrations in calves were not affected by treatments. Serum GPT and GOT concentrations were higher (p<0.05) in calves on HPR than on HER. Scouring score, days scoured, respiratory score, rectal temperature and general appearance were similar in calves fed HPR and HER. Poor general appearance (dullness and droopy ears) of calves fed either HPR or HER reflected nutritional insufficiency and stress. In conclusion, energy and protein concentrations in MR did not affect feed intake and BW gain in Holstein calves during the pre-weaning period. Poor general appearance and lower BW gain of calves compared to those reported in the literature for milk fed calves prompt a demand for further research to improve the daily nutrient supply to MR-fed calves.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.759-765
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• 2016

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequent cancer of women in Pakistan with the majority presenting with stage III or IV lesionsat initial diagnosis. Patient and health system related factors are well known determinants of delay in presentation and diagnosis. Additionally, breast cancer being a heterogeneous disease, the various molecular subtypes featuring different aggressiveness also need to be considered. The present study evaluated the association of stage at initial diagnosis of breast cancer with these two factors in local women at a tertiary level health care facility in Lahore, Pakistan. Materials and Methods: Patient and tumor features were recorded separately during diagnostic workup in Breast Clinics at INMOL and at Services Hospital, Lahore. Data were entered in MS Excel and analyzed by descriptive statistics and Chi-Square test. Results: Among the 261 patients, 64% were staged as late breast cancer (LBC), the mean age was 46.8 with standard deviation of 13 years. Some 92% had invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC), 61% had luminal types (LT) of non-aggressive tumor while 39% had the non-luminal types (NLT) of of HER2-enriched or basal aggressive tumors. While 70% of patients presented within one year of symptomatic disease (early report group "ERG"), 30% reported after a mean delay of 4 years with a standard deviation of 3.75 years. The stage distribution among ERG patients was not statistically different from those reporting late (P=0.123). Statistically larger proportion of patients with NLT presented as LBC as compared to the LT (P =0.034). Among the ERG, statistically different stage distribution of disease was observed for the NLT versus LT (P=0.047). Among those presenting late, this difference was insignificant (P=0.416). Conclusions: Breast cancer is a distinct disease in Pakistan with a high frequency of aggressive molecular types affecting younger women, with the majority presenting as LBC. Association of NLT with higher stage at diagnosis is statistically significant whereas time delay in diagnosis is not. Further research is required to define the risk profile and features in local patients. The burden of LBC can be reduced by promoting breast health awareness and by establishing easily accessible dedicated breast care set ups in the hospitals.