• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.355-363
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• 2005

This study aimed to investigate the cerebroprotective effect of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) on permanent focal cerebral ischemia in Sprague-Dawley rats. Right middle cerebral artery (MCA) was occluded for 6 and 24 hours by an intraluminal monofilament technique. An open cranial window was made on the right parietal bone for determination of continuous changes in regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) by laser-Doppler flowmetry. The infarct size was morphometrically determined using the 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride technique. Brain edema was determined by measuring brain water content. In normal rats, rCBF was significantly increased by intravenous infusion of VEGF for 10 minutes. The VEGF-induced increase in rCBF was significantly inhibited by pretreatment with suramin, a heparin-binding growth factor inhibitor as well as $N^{\omega}-nitro-L-arginine$, a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor. In focal cerebral ischemic rats, the amplitude of decrease in rCBF during ischemic period was significantly less in VEGF-treated group, compared with that in vehicle-treated group. The cerebral infarct size was reduced by VEGF in a dose-dependent manner. The brain edema formation was dose-dependently reduced by VEGF in 24-hour MCA occlusion group but not in 6-hour MCA occlusion group. It is suggested that VEGF not only improves the rCBF during cerebral ischemic period but also reduces the brain edema formation, and thereby exert a protective effect on focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.105-113
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• 2001

This research indicates to controversial point that store equipments were not applying correct development factor in the each apartment house by that change rate by scale and uniformity of form and inefficiency, effect of discount store is increasing in apartment house and progressed research. The result are as follows; First, interior main point of store of that influence greatly to change rate number of store be. Second, being lot area in jar in outside factor of store. Third, discount store separation appeared by leading person who influence greatly to change rate in middle who is contiguity market singleness residential quarter and contiguity existence of commercial district and nonexistence and discount store separation of only outside right near at hand. Construction of commerce equipment may have to consist in practical apartment house after examine various kinds factor such as store indoor, store outside and only outside while plan practical use of systematic and efficient commerce equipment focusing more in efficient utilization of commerce institution that consist after plan that is not planed commerce equipment focusing in development in plan of commerce equipment in apartment house hereafter accordingly.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.95-104
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• 2001

This study was done to develop an euthanasia attitude scale. Subjects who participated in the study were a convenience sample of 234 Korean nurses. Data were collected through a survey over a period of three months. The analysis of the data was done using SPSS PC for descriptive statistics, factor analysis and Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha. Initially 63 items were generated from interview data from eighteen nurses and from a literature review. This preliminary scale was analyzed for a reliability and validity. The results are as follow: 1, Crombach's Coefficient alpha for the 19 items was .8804. 2. Factor analysis was done in order to confirm construct validity and four factor were extracted from the results. These contributed 56.6% of the variance in the total score. 3. Each factor was labled 'qualify of life', 'respect of life, 'client's right', 'medical ethics'. The author suggests that this scale could be used in assessing the attitude of Korean nurses toward euthanasia.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.408-418
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• 2020

The sinus node (SN) is located at the apex of the cardiac conduction system, and SN dysfunction (SND)-characterized by electrical remodeling-is generally attributed to idiopathic fibrosis or ischemic injuries in the SN. SND is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disorders, including syncope, heart failure, and atrial arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation. One of the histological SND hallmarks is degenerative atrial remodeling that is associated with conduction abnormalities and increased right atrial refractoriness. Although SND is frequently accompanied by increased fibrosis in the right atrium (RA), its molecular basis still remains elusive. Therefore, we investigated whether SND can induce significant molecular changes that account for the structural remodeling of RA. Towards this, we employed a rabbit model of experimental SND, and then compared the genome-wide RNA expression profiles in RA between SND-induced rabbits and sham-operated controls to identify the differentially expressed transcripts. The accompanying gene enrichment analysis revealed extensive pro-fibrotic changes within 7 days after the SN ablation, including activation of transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signaling and alterations in the levels of extracellular matrix components and their regulators. Importantly, our findings suggest that periostin, a matricellular factor that regulates the development of cardiac tissue, might play a key role in mediating TGF-β-signaling-induced aberrant atrial remodeling. In conclusion, the present study provides valuable information regarding the molecular signatures underlying SND-induced atrial remodeling, and indicates that periostin can be potentially used in the diagnosis of fibroproliferative cardiac dysfunctions.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.607-612
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• 1997

Between March 1963, and December 1994, fifty-three patients with a ruptured aneurysm of sinus of Vasalva(RSV) were operated. The RSV originated from the right coronary sinus in 43 patients(81%), from the non coronary sinus in 7 patients(13%), and from combined sinuses in 2 patients. The RSV from the right coronary sinus mainly drained to the right ventricle(81.4%), and the RSV from the non coronary sinus mainly drained to the right atrium(71.4%). Recently, we are using patch to repair the RSV through a double approach. During the operation, concomitant . procedures were performed; 32 Patch repairs of VSD, 14 aortic valvuloplasty, 10 aortic valve replacement, 2 tricuspid valvuloplasty, and one Bentall's procedure. During the follow up period between 1 and 31 years(mean 8 years, 94% follow up), there were 2 late deaths and 14 late complications. Actuarial 10-year survival rate .was 95%, and 10-year actuarial freedom from late event was 53 %. Factor analysis revealed that the combined SBE is a risk factor of late event. Actuarial freedom from failure of aortic valvuloplasty was 55% at 9 years. Although surgical repair of RSV achieved excellent long term survival, aortic regurgitation and endocarditis revealed significant risk factor in long-term results. Therefore, more attention should be required in patients of RSV associated with aortic regurgitation or endocarditis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.89-91
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• 2014

Chronic encapsulated intracerebral hematoma (CEIH) is a rare cerebrovascular disease that behaves as a slowly expanding lesion with a gradual onset. It is well established that CEIH is associated with arteriovenous malformations; however, CEIH associated with cavernous malformation (CM) is extremely rare. We herein report a case of CEIH associated with CM, and discuss its pathogenesis. A 12-year-old female was admitted to our hospital because of a one week history of progressive headache and nausea. Brain computed tomography scan and magnetic resonance imaging showed an intracerebral hematoma surrounded by edema in the right frontal lobe. One week later, her headache and nausea worsened, and a brain computed tomography scan revealed the enlargement of hematoma. A right frontal craniotomy was performed. The capsule, mass, and hematoma were totally removed. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of CEIH associated with CM. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and the VEGF receptor-1 in the endothelium and fibroblasts. Our findings suggest that the activated VEGF pathway might have positively contributed to development of CEIH in the present patient.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.1078-1086
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• 2009

This paper presents a Fourier based algorithm for estimating the parameters of the low frequency oscillating modes. The proposed methods estimates various parameters(frequency, damping factor, mode magnitude, phase) by fitting Fourier spectrum and phase with a damped exponential cosine function. Dominant frequency is selected by taking frequency corresponding to the peak spectrum, and damping factor is estimated using the left/right spectra of Fourier spectrum. In addition, mode magnitude is calculated by the normalized peak spectrum, and phase is estimated from spectrum phase. Also, we introduce an accuracy index in order to determine the accuracy of the estimated parameters, and the index is calculated using the deviations of the peak spectrum and the left/right spectra. The parameter estimation methods proposed in this paper include very simple arithmetical processes, so the algorithms are simple and the calculation speed is very fast. The proposed methods are applied to test functions with two dominant modes. The results show that the proposed methods are highly applicable to low frequency parameter estimation.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.101-111
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• 2004

Objective : Assuming that the characteristic of meridian system has been similar to this of electric potentials in human body and that measurements of electric potential at well(井穴) and sea (合穴) points in branches of the twelve meridians(WSBTM) will be representative of measurements of the twelve meridians, to measure the electric potentials of 13 patients with Lumbago due to strain and contusion(좌섬요통<挫閃腰痛>, LSC), to find out the characteristic of meridian system in patients with LSC. Methods : Electric potentials of well and sea points in the meridians in twenty one patients with the pain in the lion diagnosed as LSC were repeatedly measured by physiograph(PowerLab). Measurements of those electrical potentials were analyzed by factor analysis. Results : The electric potentials of WSBTM at the left side were divided into four factors. On the other hand those at the right side Were divided into four factors. Conclusion : In conclusion, their electrical potentials at the left and right side were factors which are different from each side. Thus electrical potentials of well and sea points might be the representative meridian to show their characteristics.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.983-991
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• 1992

This investigation is carried out numerically for the two dimensional natural convection and surface radiation heat transfer in a square enclosure. The bottom and top walls are isothermal at hot and cold temperatures respectively whereas the left and right side walls are adiabatic except a transparent window on the right side partially. The exchange of radiant energy is obtained by the net radiation method and the shape factor by the crossed string method. The changes in temperature and Nusselt number distributions of the walls due to the surface radiation and insolation are also investigated.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.12
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• pp.39-64
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• 1999

Under the CISG, there is a unequitable factor in comparing buyer's remedy with seller's remedy. In my opinion, CISG is more unequitable remedy clause than UCC or UNIDROIT principle of International Commercial Contract(1994) between seller and buyer. First, buyer who accepted defect goods must give seller notice the facts that seller delivered defect goods in two years after accepting defect goods. The cap of two year is unreasonable in a position of aggrieved buyer. This is being provided as 'within reasonable time' in UCC and there is no such provision in UNIDROIT Principle. Second, Buyer can avoid contract when seller breached fundamentally contract or seller didn't set a additional performance period about breaching of contract. Accordingly if buyer would not set a additional performance period, although seller's breachment of contract, he could not avoid the contract. Therefore, From a viewpoint of aggrieved buyer avoidable right of contract is restrainted. Third, to compare seller's remedy with buyer's, seller have more opportunity to cure breachment of contract than buyer. Under the CISG buyer is relatively placed at disadvantage in remedy of aggrieved party. In connection with remedy of aggrieved party, 'UNIDROIT principle of international commercial contracts' instead seller and buyer of aggrieved party, so there is not unequitable factor in remedy of aggrieved parties.