• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.4
• /
• pp.535-542
• /
• 2000

Canola meal and seed are poor sources of ruminal undegraded protein (RUP). On average, canola meal and canola seed contains 35 and 14% RUP, respectively. Several protection methods are effective in reducing ruminal degradation of canola protein and in increasing RUP without affecting total tract protein digestibility. Heat (e.g., dry heat, moist heat and jet-sploding) and chemical (e.g., formaldehyde) treatments are the most common methods used to reduce ruminal degradability of canola protein. In most cases, heat treatments were found to be more effective than chemical treatments in protecting canola protein form ruminal degradation. Despite improvement in RUP content and intestinal availability of RUP, data form several studies showed little or no improvement in animal performance as a result of increasing the RUDP level of canola meal and seed.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.26 no.2
• /
• pp.25-32
• /
• 1999

An in vitro study was conducted to examine the effects of the addition of activated charcoal (AC) on the ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, and ruminal gas production. AC was added at the levels of 0.00, 0.25, and 0.50 % to each of the four types of diets (roughage/concentrate ratio : 8/2, 6/4, 4/6 and 2/8), respectively. Although not significant, ruminal pH tended to increase by adding AC, and as the concentrate level increased, ruminal pH decreased (P<0.05). Acetate concentration and acetate/propionate molar ratio tended to decrease in AC diets. but molar % of propionate tended to increase by the addition of AC. Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose in AC diets tended to increase than in non-AC diet, however, no tendency in ruminal degradation of crude fat was observed. As the concentrate level increased, rumunal degradation of dry matter and nutrients in AC diets increased significantly(P<0.05). Ruminal gas production tended to decrease in the 0.50 % AC diets, however, it tended to increase in high roughage diets. Although there appeared some beneficial effects in adding AC to ruminant diets in this study, more works should be done with AC before we can make clear conclusion on the use of AC in the ruminant diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 1990

An experiment was conducted with three ruminally and intestinally cannulated non-lactating cows of Finnish Ayrshire breed, to assess the ruminal degradation characteristics of oat (Avena sativa), rye (Secale cereale) and rice (Oryza sativa) straw by the nylon bag technique, and the subsequent post-ruminal degradation of their rumen-undegraded residues by using the mobile bag technique, respectively. The straw samples were untreated or treated with aqueous $NH_3$ or with urea solution in cold or hot water. The untreated straw samples were milled or chopped, and the treated straw samples were chopped. The constant values a, b, and c were computed according to the exponential equation, where a = intercept of degradation curve at time 0, b = potentially degradable material, c = rate of degradation of band (a+b) = maximum potential degradability (asymptote). It was found that nitrogen contents of chemically treated straw were markedly increased by both $NH_3$ and urea treatments. Milling the samples attributed to a remarkable loss at 0 h incubation time as compared to chopping of the respective samples. However, chemical treatment markedly improved the b value and the subsequent (a+b) values for dry matter, organic matter, neutral-detergent fiber, and acid-detergent fiber of the samples. Furthermore, temperature of the water used in the urea solutions was considered essential, since urea in hot water rather than in cold water seemed to enhance the overall degradability. The disappearance of rumen-incubated straw residues from the mobile bags ranged from 4.5 to 9.6% for the parameters measured. On average, the OM disappearance from bags was clearly higher for the residues of urea treated straw compared to those of ammonia treated straw, but the disappearance of NDF tended, however, to be higher on the ammonia treatment.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.35-42
• /
• 2002

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the addition of activated charcoal (AC) and oak charcoal on in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics, nutrient disappearance, and ruminal gas production. AC and oak charcoal were added at the levels of 0.50, and 1.00 % to experimental diet (roughage/concentrate ratio ; 2/8). Ruminal pH and ammonia-N tended to increase by adding AC(P<0.05). But oak charcoal did not affect the ruminal pH and ammonia-N. Although not significant, ruminal total VFA and molar percentage of butyric acid tended to decrease in AC diets. but molar percentage of acetate and propionate were not affected by adding AC. Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein, NDF, and ADF in AC diets tended to increase than in non-AC diet, however, no tendency in ruminal degradation of hemicellulose was observed. Ruminal gas production tended to increase in the AC and oak charcoal diets(P<0.05). Although there appeared some beneficial effects in adding AC to ruminant diets in this study, more works should be done with AC before we can make clear conclusion on the use of AC in the ruminant diets.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.41-47
• /
• 2001

Ruminal degradation characteristics of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP) in fresh leaves of two Japanese native grasses (Zoysia japonica and Miscanthus sinensis) and one sown temperate grass (Dactylis glomerata) were investigated by an in sacco method in spring (mid-May), summer (mid-July) and autumn (mid-September). Japanese native grasses had higher NDF and lower CP concentrations than D. glomerata, and the CP concentration in native grasses decreased in autumn. Ruminal degradability of DM, NDF and CP was lower in native grasses than in D. glomerata (p<0.05) in all seasons. DM and NDF degradability decreased in summer for Z. japonica and D. glomerata, while it decreased in autumn for M. sinensis. CP degradability in Z. japonica was constant throughout the seasons, whereas that in M. sinensis greatly decreased in summer and autumn (p<0.05). It was concluded that Z. japonica could stably supply ruminally digestible nutrients for grazing animals in Japanese native pasture. However, the degradation characteristics of freshly chopped native grasses did not fit the exponential model of $D=a+b(1-e^{-ct})$ proposed by Ørskov and McDonald.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.14 no.4
• /
• pp.501-506
• /
• 2001

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of supplemental unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) on fermentation characteristics, especially on gas production, cellulose degradation and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration by mixed ruminal microorganisms. In order to attain this objective, unsaturated fatty acids including oleic acid (C 18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2) and arachidonic acid (C22:4) were added at varying level. Mixed ruminal microbes used in this experiment were obtained from the rumen of a cannulated Holstein cow. Medium pH values after 7 d incubation were significantly affected by type and level of unsaturated fatty acids (p<0.01). All of UFA inhibited total gas production, and especially treatment of arachidonic acid at the levels of 0.01% gave the lowest gas. production after 7 d incubation (p<0.01). Comparison of the population of protozoa revealed that UFA did not have any significant effect on the total protozoa number. The addition of UFA did not effect dry matter degradation. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition of the culture was influenced little by UFA, although the considerable amount of iso-type VFA were detected in UFA supplemented incubations. The ratio of acetic acids to propionic acids, however, was lower than control in all the treatments after 7 d incubation (p<0.01).

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.13 no.8
• /
• pp.1076-1083
• /
• 2000

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation extract (AFE) on in situ degradation of the various concentrates, forages and by-products in Taiwan. The in situ trial was conducted to determine the effect of AFE on the rate of ruminal degradation of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) of the various local available feedstuff commonly used for dairy cattle. Two ruminal fistulated cows were arranged into a two by two switchback trial. Two dietary treatments were control without AFE inclusion diet and diet with 3 g of AFE (Amaferm) added daily into the total mixed ration (TMR). Results showed that effect of AFE inclusion on the ruminal degradability of concentrates vary; soybean meal is the most responsive feedstuff, corn is the next, whereas full-fat soybean did not response the AFE inclusion at all. The inclusion of AFE significantly depressed most of the nutrient degradation of the concentrates of soybean meal in the first 12-hour in situ incubation. The effect declined in the next 12 hours. Rapeseed meal showed a different trend of response: addition of AFE improved its NDF degradation. The inclusions of AFE significantly improved ADF degradation of roughage after 24 or 48 hours of incubation. However, corn silage and peanut-vines showed a different trend. Effects of AFE inclusion on the by-products degradability were inconsistent. Most of nutrients in rice distillers grain and some in beancurd pomace did show increased degradation by the AFE inclusion.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
• /
• v.59 no.10
• /
• pp.22.1-22.7
• /
• 2017

Background: Very limited information exists on the ruminal degradation kinetics of nutrients in garlic stalk. The present study aimed to survey the annual yield of garlic stalk in Korea and determine its feed-nutritive value for ruminants. Methods: In Experiment 1, garlic stalk was incubated in situ in the rumen of two Hanwoo steers ($360{\pm}15kg$ body weight) and removed after 12, 24, or 48 h to determine the ruminal degradation kinetics of DM and NDF. Rice straw was also included for comparison. In Experiment 2, In Experiment 2, six male Corriedale sheep were randomized to two dietary treatments to determine the apparent digestibility of nutrients in garlic stalk. Diets included a control ration without garlic stalk (60% concentrate mix +40% ryegrass) or a treatment ration (70% control diet +30% garlic stalk). Results: The Korean national yield of garlic stalk (sun-dried basis) in 2016 was estimated to be 31,910 tons, with the southern coastal regions producing the highest quantity. Compared with rice straw, garlic stalk had lower NDF, higher ADF, and greater effective degradabilities of DM and NDF, resulting in a greater TDN value (56.3%), which was higher than that obtained for rice straw (43.7%). Conclusion: These results provide basic information on the ruminal DM and NDF degradation kinetics of garlic stalk, which would be helpful for the efficient utilization of this by-product in ruminant diets

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.2 no.3
• /
• pp.413-415
• /
• 1989

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.16 no.7
• /
• pp.979-982
• /
• 2003

Two rapeseed meal samples (Sample A, hybrid 5900 and sample B, double low rapeseed No.4) obtained from China and one Canola meal sample obtained from a local crushing plant in Canada were used to investigate the amino acid degradability of rapeseed/Canola meal in rumen and amino acid digestibility of ruminal incubation residues by precision-fed rooster bioassay. Results show that in ruminal incubation the degradation rate of non amino acid nitrogen in crude protein is higher than that for amino acid nitrogen in crude protein, the results also suggest that the degradation rate of amino acid nitrogen in Chinese rapeseed meal sample B was lower than that for Canadian Canola, but that in Chinese rapeseed meal sample A is much close to that for Canadian canola meal. For all amino acids the digestibility of the bypass or residual protein as measured by the precision-fed rooster bioassay tended to be lower for Chinese rapeseed meal sample A than for sample B or Canadian canola meal which had similar digestibility values. However following a calculation of total amino acid availability, involving the digestibility of amino acids in the rumen and rooster bioassay the results are less contradictory. Results indicated that in traditional roasting-expelling process, heat treatment, especially dry heat treatmeat could decrease amino acids degradability in rumen of rapeseed/canola meal, but also may decrease total availability of amino acids of rapeseed/canola meal.