• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.190-199
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• 2021

Despite evidence that bacteria-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are activated in salivary gland tissues of Sjogren syndrome (SS) patients, the role of oral bacteria in SS etiopathogenesis is unclear. We previously reported that two SS-associated oral bacteria, Prevotella melaninogenica (Pm) and Rothia mucilagenosa (Rm), oppositely regulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex class I (MHC I) in human salivary gland (HSG) cells. Here, we elucidated the mechanisms underlying the differential regulation of MHC I expression by these bacteria. The ability of Pm and Rm to activate TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 was examined using TLR reporter cells. HSG cells were stimulated by the TLR ligands, Pm, and Rm. The levels of MHC I expression, bacterial invasion, and viability of HSG cells were examined by flow cytometry. The hypoxic status of HSG cells was examined using Hypoxia Green. HSG cells upregulated MHC I expression in response to TLR2, TLR4, and TLR9 activation. Both Pm and Rm activated TLR2 and TLR9 but not TLR4. Rm-induced downregulation of MHC I strongly correlated with bacterial invasion and cell death. Rm-induced cell death was not rescued by inhibitors of the diverse cell death pathways but was associated with hypoxia. In conclusion, Pm upregulated MHC I likely through TLR2 and TLR9 activation, while Rm-induced hypoxia-associated cell death and the downregulation of MHC I, despite its ability to activate TLR2 and TLR9. These findings may provide new insight into how oral dysbiosis can contribute to salivary gland tissue damage in SS.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.417-422
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• 2006

This study investigated the antibacterial effect of electrolyzed water on oral bacteria both in vitro and in vivo. Tap water was electrolyzed in a water vessel using platinum cell technology. The electrolyzed tap water (called Puri-water) was put in contact with five major periodontopathogens or toothbrushes contaminated with these bacteria for 30 sec. In addition, Puri-water was used as a mouthwash for 30 sec in 16 subjects and the antibacterial effect on salivary bacteria was evaluated. Puri-water significantly reduced the growth of all periodontopathogens in culture and on toothbrushes, and that of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria in saliva, when compared to the effect of tap water. It also significantly reduced mutans streptococci growing on mitis salivarius-bacitracin agar. Our results demonstrate that the electrolyzed tap water is effective as a mouthwash and for toothbrush disinfection.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.109-117
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• 1998

Fixed orthodontic appliances for the treatment of malocclusion has iatrogenic side effect such as demineralization of enamel, gingivitix and gingival hyperplasia. The purpose of this study is to longitudinally investigate the salivary microorganisms and immunoglobulin A after delivery of fixed orthodontic appliances for 10 months. Eight orthodontic patients were included in this study and the author has investigated the numbers of general bacteria, Streptococcus mutans Staphylococcus aureus and concentration of immunoglobulin A from unstimulated whole saliva. The author examined these parameters at prebracketing, 1 month after, 4 months after, 7 months after and 10 months after delivery of fixed orthodontic appliances. The obtained results were as follows : There were significant increases in the number of salivary general bacteria, Streptococcus mutans and Staphylococcus aureus after delivery of fixed orthodontic appliances The numbers of general bacteria were significantly increased at 1 month after (p<005), 4 months after (p<0.05), 7 months after (p<0.01), compared with prebracketing. However it showed no difference at 10 month after compared with 7 months after bracketing. The Numbers of Staphylococcus aureus were significantly increased at 1 month after (p<0.05), 4 months after(p<0.01), 7 month(p<0.01), compared with prebracketing. However it showed decreasing pattern at 10 months after compared with 7 months after bracketing. There was no significant difference in the concentration of immunoglobulin A after delivery of fixed orthodontic appliances.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.219-226
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• 2023

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to compare changes of salivary flow rate, salivary buffering capacity, and S. mutans after using a mouthwash containing essential oil or probiotics widely used as oral lactic acid bacteria in the oral environment. Methods : Fifty-three healthy adults aged 20 years or older voluntarily participated in this study after they were informed of the purpose of this study. Subjects were divided into a group treated with probiotics (L. reuteri) and a group treated with mouthwash containing essential oil. To evaluate changes in the oral environment, salivary flow rate, salivary buffering capacity, and S. mutans test were performed at baseline and 4 weeks later. Unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow samples were collected for 5 minutes and results were recorded in ml per minute. Salivary buffering capacity was divided into scores of 1 (low), 2 (moderate) and 3 (high) according to the color of the strip. The amount of S. mutans was classified as scores of 0, 1, 2, and 3 according to the decision table. Data collected in this study were analyzed at the 95 % significance level using the SPSS Version 23.0 program. Results : Both the unstimulated salivary flow rate and the stimulated salivary flow rate increased statistically after the intervention compared to those before intervention in the probiotics group. However, there was no statistically significant difference between the probiotics group and the mouthwash group. Salivary buffering capacity and S. mutans results showed no statistically significant differences between the probiotics group and the mouthwash group either. The salivary buffering capacity and the salivary flow rate showed a positive correlation. Conclusion : To improve the oral environment, such as salivary flow rate and salivary buffering capacity, an optimal product can be selected in consideration of individual preference and cost-effectiveness.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권9호
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• pp.3341-3346
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• 2010

이 연구는 세치제 내 함유되어 있는 SLS의 함유여부에 따라 구강 내 타액과 세균수의 변화정도를 비교분석하여 향후 보다 양질의 세치제 개발을 위한 기초자료를 제공하고자 하였다. SLS의 함유량을 2.2%와 0.0%의 세치제를 제조하여 각각 30명으로 구성된 두 집단의 실험대상자에게 4주간 사용하게 하고 실험 전 후의 타액과 구강 내 세균 수의 변화 차이를 보았다. 연구결과 SLS의 배합여부는 타액, 세균수의 변화에 현저한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 또한 SLS 배합여부는 타액량과 구강 내 세균수의 관련성이 없는 결과를 보였다. 하지만 실험대상자들이 사용한 세치제에 대한 만족도 조사에서는 SLS가 함유되지 않은 그룹 보다 SLS가 함유된 그룹에서 만족도가 현저하게 높은 것으로 나타났다. 만일 SLS가 선호감 때문에 이용되고 있다면 SLS의 적정 함유량에 대한 구체적 개선방안을 모색하여 할 것이다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.537-545
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• 2016

본 연구는 구강환경요인을 살펴보고, 구강환경이 구강세균 검출에 미치는 위험요인 알아보고자 시행하였다. 연구기간은 2015년 2월 15일~ 2월 28일까지 성인 근로자 60명을 대상으로 조사하였다. 연구변수로는 안정시, 자극시 타액분비율, 타액완충능, 타액 pH, 설배와 설하 구강건조도, 구취 설태량을 측정하였다. 구강세균의 검출 유무를 확인하기 위하여 안정시 타액분비율의 gDNA를 추출하여 균을 검출하였다. 그 결과, S.mutans균은 흡연자 15배, 자극시, 안정시 타액분비율 1.3~1.6배 위험도가 더 높았으며, P.intermedia는 흡연자 13배, 설하 구강건조도 4.3배, 설태량 4배 TM7은 설하 구강건조도 5.5배 더 높은 위험도를 나타냈다. 구강 내 세균을 줄이기 위해서는 타액분비율을 촉진시키는 습관을 형성하고, 금연교육을 시행함이 중요하다고 본다. 또한 구강위생이 깨끗하고 관리가 잘되는 성인에서는 구강세균이 많이 줄어들고, 구강질환을 좀 더 예방할 수 있을 것이라 기대된다.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.363-369
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• 2018

타액검사기는 방법이 간단하고 단시간 내에 검사를 할 수 있는 장점이 있다. 하지만 타액 채취가 용이하고 장치의 사용이 간단하나 그 결과의 신뢰성에 영향을 미치는 요인에 대해서는 검증해 볼 필요가 있다. 이번 연구는 타액검사기의 측정 결과에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 요인 중 외부변수인 시간적 요인을 분석하기 위해 측정 시간에 따른 검사 결과의 차이를 비교하였다. 또한 내부변수를 파악하기 위해 타액검사기 측정값 사이의 관련성을 분석하였다. 나이, 성별, 질환의 유무에 상관없이 무작위적으로 선정한 20명의 사람들을 대상으로 하여 타액을 채취하였다. 평균 나이는 46.6세였고, 남자 10명, 여자 10명이었다. 채취한 타액을 바로 타액검사기로 측정한 것을 I군으로 하였다. 또한 채취한 타액을 종이컵에서 10분간 공기중에 방치한 후 타액검사기로 측정한 것을 III군으로 하였다. 그리고 I군으로 사용한 것을 30분 후 재 측정하여 II군으로, III군으로 사용한 것을 30분 후 재 측정한 것을 IV군으로 하였다. 실험 결과 cariogenic bacteria, acidity, buffer capacity, blood, leukocyte, protein and ammonia 중 buffer capacity만 제외하고 나머지는 모두 II, IV군에서 유의한 변화가 있었다. 또한 측정값 중 cariogenic bacteria는 leukocyte, protein과 상호관련성이 있었고 buffer capacity는 acidity, protein과, 그리고 protein은 buffer capacity, leukocyte와 연관성이 있었다. 결론적으로 외부변수인 측정 시간에 따른 측정결과 값의 차이는 각각 다르게 나타났으며, 이는 타액검사 시 시간요인의 중요성을 의미하는 것이다. 또한 내부변수인 측정값 간의 상호관계를 이용하여 임상적으로 접근할 경우 그 연관성에 대한 고려가 필요하다.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.23-37
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• 2009

치주질환과 구취를 유발시키는 중요한 원인균인 P. gingivalis에 대한 피톤치드의 항균효과와 항균작용은 이미 연구되어 있으나, 정상인의 구강상주균에 대한 연구는 아직 희귀한 편이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 건강한 정상인의 타액에 편백 피톤치드를 첨가하였을 때 사멸되지 않고 생존하는 타액세균을 분리하여 구강 유해균과 함께 배양한 후 구강 유해균에 대한 생존 타액세균의 억제효과를 파악함으로써 향후 프로바이오틱으로 작용할 수 있는 구강상주균의 균종을 동정하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. 1. 정상인의 전타액에 1% 피톤치드를 적용하였을 때 잔존 생균수는 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 2. 피톤치드 적용 후 생존한 주 세균종은 S. thermophilus (53%)로 나타났다. 3. 피톤치드 적용 후 생존한 균을 P. gingivalis A7A1-28과 P. gingivalis W83에 교차배양한 결과 생존균의 대부분(72.5%) 이 P. gingivalis A7A1-28과 P. gingivalis W83의 성장을 억제하였다. 4. 생존 S. thermophilus의 85.8%, S. sanguinis는 75.8%가 P. gingivalis 를 억제하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과로 미루어, P. gingivalis 등 구강 내 유해균을 직접 억제할 수 있는 것으로 알려진 피톤치드로 처리할 경우 피톤치드에 생존하는 구강상주균이 P. gingivalis에 대해 부가적으로 억제작용을 할 수 있기 때문에 피톤치드의 사용은 치주질환을 예방하고, 그 결과 치주질환 및 구취환자의 구강 환경을 크게 개선할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.62-70
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• 2019

Xylitol is well-known to have an anti-caries effect by inhibiting the replication of cariogenic bacteria. In addition, xylitol enhances saliva secretion. However, the precise molecular mechanism of xylitol on saliva secretion is yet to be elucidated. Thus, in this study, we aimed to investigate the stimulatory effect of xylitol on saliva secretion and to further evaluate the involvement of xylitol in muscarinic type 3 receptor (M3R) signaling. For determining these effects, we measured the saliva flow rate following xylitol treatment in healthy individuals and patients with dry mouth. We further tested the effects of xylitol on M3R signaling in human salivary gland (HSG) cells using real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, immunoblotting, and immunostaining. Xylitol candy significantly increased the salivary flow rate and intracellular calcium release in HSG cells via the M3R signaling pathway. In addition, the expressions of M3R and aquaporin 5 were induced by xylitol treatment. Lastly, we investigated the distribution of M3R and aquaporin 5 in HSG cells. Xylitol was found to activate M3R, thereby inducing increases in $Ca^{2+}$ concentration. Stimulation of the muscarinic receptor induced by xylitol activated the internalization of M3R and subsequent trafficking of aquaporin 5. Taken together, these findings suggest a molecular mechanism for secretory effects of xylitol on salivary epithelial cells.

• 약학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.8-13
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• 1986

It has been assumed that nitrite, one of the precursor of N-nitrosamine, in human saliva must have been formed from salivary nitrate through the action of microorganism in the oral cavity. In this paper, we have tested the concentration of nitrite and nitrate in human saliva and the degrees of nitrate reduction by oral microflora and identified some bacteria which were able to reduce nitrate. The concentration of nitrite and nitrate was 1.7~9.5ppm and 9.0~28.5ppm respectively. The numbers of total bacteria and nitrate reducing bacteria in four korean human saliva sample were 15~63${\times}10^8$ CFU and 1.0~6.0${\times}10^8$ CFU and the main nitrate reducing bacteria were Streptococcus uberis which was presented in large quantities and showed remarkable reductive activity. Lastly, we knowed that N-dimethylnitrosamine was formed by the reaction between dimethylamine and nitrite in the presence of St. uberis in vitro.