• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.1293-1316
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• 2021

Using directional antennas in wireless Ad hoc networks has many superiorities, including reducing interference, extending transmission range, and increasing space division multiplexing. However, directional transmission introduces two problems: deafness and directional hidden terminals problems. We observe that these problems result in saturation throughput disparity among the competing flows in directional CSMA/CA based Ad hoc networks and bring challenges for modeling the saturation throughput of the flows. In this article, we concentrate on how to model and analyze the saturation throughput disparity of different flows in directional CSMA/CA based Ad hoc networks. We first divide the collisions occurring in the transmission process into directional instantaneous collisions and directional persistent collisions. Then we propose a four-dimensional Markov chain to analyze the transmission state for a specific node. Our model has three different kinds of processes, namely back-off process, transmission process and freezing process. Each process contains a certain amount of continuous time slots which is defined as the basic time unit of the directional CSMA/CA protocols and the time length of each slot is fixed. We characterize the collision probabilities of the node by the one-step transition probability matrix in our Markov chain model. Accordingly, we can finally deduce the saturation throughput for each directional data stream and evaluate saturation throughput disparity for a given network topology. Finally, we verify the accuracy of our model by comparing the deviation of analytical results and simulation results.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.43-51
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• 2010

IEEE 802.11 defines distributed coordination function (DCF), which is characterized by CSMA/CA and binary exponential backoff (BEB) algorithm. Most modifications on DCF so far have focused on updating of the contention window (CW) size depending on the outcome of own frame transmission without considering freezing periods experienced in the backoff interval. We propose two simple but novel schemes which effectively utilize the number of freezing periods sensed during the current backoff interval. The proposed schemes can be applied to DCF and its family, such as double increment double decrement (DIDD). Saturation throughput of the proposed schemes is analyzed by means of Bianchi's Markovian model. Computer simulation validates the accuracy of the analysis. Numerical results based on IEEE 802.11b show that up to about 20% improvement of saturation throughput can be achieved by combining the proposed scheme with conventional schemes when applied to the basic access procedure.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.317-330
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• 2004

In this paper, we explore the utility of recently discovered multiple-antenna techniques (namely MIMO techniques) for medium access control (MAC) design and routing in mobile ad hoc networks. Specifically, we focus on ad hoc networks where the spatial diversity technique is used to combat fading and achieve robustness in the presence of user mobility. We first examine the impact of spatial diversity on the MAC design, and devise a MIMO MAC protocol accordingly. We then develop analytical methods to characterize the corresponding saturation throughput for MIMO multi-hop networks. Building on the throughout analysis, we study the impact of MIMO MAC on routing. We characterize the optimal hop distance that minimizes the end-to-end delay in a large network. For completeness, we also study MAC design using directional antennas for the case where the channel has a strong line of sight (LOS) component. Our results show that the spatial diversity technique and the directional antenna technique can enhance the performance of mobile ad hoc networks significantly.

• 대한전기학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전기학회 2007년도 심포지엄 논문집 정보 및 제어부문
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• pp.383-385
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• 2007

IEEE 802.15.4 is a standard designed for low rate wireless personal area networks(LR-WPANs). This paper presents the analytical model for to derive the saturation throughput of collision avoidance protocol of IEEE 802.15.4 in ad hoc network. we assume that nodes placed according to a two-dimensional Poisson distribution.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.561-568
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• 2014

The Republic of Korea Army is using R-NAD of MIL-STD-188-220 as a Media Access Control protocol. Under urgent situations, almost all stations transmit data frames and then the network will reach a saturation state. Several articles have been devoted to the study of R-NAD performance. However, most of them focus on comparing the performance of some NADs using network simulation tools. We propose an analytical model to compute the throughput of R-NAD under the assumption of a network traffic saturation. Analytical results were verified by Monte Carlo methods. We have shown that the performance of a success probability and an average idle time remains almost unchanged as the total number of stations increases. We have also shown that Type 1/2/4 operation mode outperforms Type 3 operation mode in throughput. The results showed that the system with a squelch detection achieved a better performance than the one without it. The longer DATA time had a higher throughput.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제30권10A호
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• pp.877-885
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• 2005

Home Phoneline Networking Alliance (HomePNA) 2.0 기술은 기존의 댁내 전화 선로를 이용하여 홈 네트워크를 구축하는 기술로서, 4-32 Mbps의 고속 데이터 전송 속도를 제공한다. 이러한 HomePNA 2.0의 Medium Access Control(MAC) 프로토콜은 IEEE 802.3 Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection (CSMA/CD) 방식을 사용하면서, Quality of Service(QoS) 알고리즘을 제공하구 충돌 해결 알고리즘은 Distributed Fair Priority Queuing(DFPQ) 알고리즘을 사용한다. 본 논문은 HomePNA 2.0 MAC 프로토콜 성능의 중요 요소인 포화 처리율(Saturation Throughput), 패킷 지연(Packet Delay) 및 패킷 지터(Packet Jitter)에 대한 수학적인 모델을 제안하고, 이에 대한 모의 실험(Simulation) 결과를 제공하며, 각각의 모의 실험 결과를 분석함으로써, HomePNA 2.0 MAC 프로토콜의 성능을 종합적으로 분석한다.

• 한국전자파학회논문지
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• 제19권7호
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• pp.741-753
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• 2008

본 논문에서는 IEEE 802.11a 무선 LAN의 이상적인 채널 환경과 페이딩 채널 환경에서 패킷의 페이로드 크기에 따른 MAC(Medium Access Control) 계층의 CSMA/CA(Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision Avoidance) 기반 DCF(Distributed Coordination Function) 처리율을 비교 분석하였다. 이상적인 채널 환경인 경우 에러가 없는 채널을 의미하고, 임의의 전송 주기 동안 패킷을 전송하는 단말이 1개만 존재하며, 다른 단말은 패킷을 수신한 후 응답한다고 가정한다. 페이딩 채널 환경인 경우 채널상에서 비트 에러는 랜덤하게 발생되며, 단말수 n은 고정되고, 각각의 단말은 항상 전송 패킷을 가지고 있는 포화 조건(saturation condition) 하에서 동작된다고 한다. IEEE 802.11a 무선 LAN의 처리율을 구하기 위해 기존 연구에서는 주로 이상적인 채널 환경을 가정하여 최대 처리율을 구하였는데, 실제의 통신 환경은 페이딩 패널이므로 본 연구에서는 $E_b/N_o$를 25 dB, 부 채널에서 직접 수신된 신호와 산란되어 수신된 신호의 전력비 $\xi$는 복합 Rayleigh/Ricean 페이딩을 고려하여 6으로 정하였다. 분석 결과, 이상적인 채널 환경에서의 처리율에 비교하여 페이딩 채널 환경에서의 처리율이 모든 페이로드 크기에서 더 작아진다는 것을 알 수 있으며, 전송율이 증가할수록 이상적인 채널의 최대 처리율에 대한 페이딩 채널의 포화 처리율의 감소 비율이 더 커진다는 것도 알 수 있다.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.23-33
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• 2011

Due to underutilization of spectrum under current inefficient and static spectrum management policy, various kinds of opportunistic spectrum access (OSA) strategies have appeared. Myopic policy is a simple and robust OSA strategy with reduced complexity that maximizes immediate throughput. In this paper, we propose mathematical models to evaluate the throughput and the MAC delay of a myopic policy under saturation tra c conditions. Using the MAC delay distribution, we evaluate the packet delay of secondary users under nonsaturation conditions. Numerical results are given to show the performance of the myopic policy in cognitive radio networks.

• East Asian mathematical journal
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.23-29
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• 2014

To solve inefficient spectrum usage problem under current static spectrum management policy, various kinds of dynamic spectrum access strategies have appeared. Myopic policy, which maximizes immediate throughput, is a simple and robust strategy with reduced complexity. In this paper, we present a simple mathematical model to evaluate the saturation throughput and medium access delay of a myopic policy in the presence of multiple channels.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.276-279
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• 2012

In this letter, a modified 802.11-based opportunistic spectrum access is proposed for single-channel cognitive radio networks where primary users operate on a slot-by-slot basis. In our opportunistic spectrum access, control frames are used to reduce the slot-boundary impact and achieve channel reservation to improve throughput of secondary users. An absorbing Markov chain model is used to analyze the throughput of secondary users. Simulation results show that the analysis accurately predicts the saturation throughput.