• New & Renewable Energy
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.50-55
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• 2008

Recently, sea algae cultivation as carbon sink and carbon dioxide fixation have been considered. Also, various researches on bioenergy derived from sea algae and the utilization of fibers, saccharide, and lipid of sea algae have been performing. Till now, algae fibers has been used for manufacturing of paper and reinforcing of polymer composites and the extracts of sea algae are used for cosmetics, pharmaceutical materials and food such as agar. Especially, algae fiber has so similar properties to cellulose in terms of crystallinity and functional groups that it can be utilized as reinforcements of biocomposites. Biocomposites as alternatives of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites are environmentally friendly polymer composites reinforced with natural fibers and are actively applying to the automobiles and construction industries. In this paper, characteristics of algae fiber and biocomposites reinforced with algae fiber as environmentally friendly energy materials have been introduced.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.401-419
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• 1998

The structure of benthic algal flora and feeding behavior of sea urchins (Anthocidaris crassispina and Hemicentrotus pulcherrimus), were investigated from the eight different locations along the coast of Cheju Island, Korea. Biomass distribution and dominance of the algal communities were studied in relation to the gut contents and population parameters of the sea urchins. As a result, although the largest algal biomass and biological characteristics of sea urchins, such as test diameter, test hight, body weight, gonad weight, etc. This inhdicated that sea urchins would not be dependednt sorely on the abundance of algal foods, and they might feed on other food items. In order to know such a trend with regard to food selectivity, the diets consumed by sea urchins were analyzed, and it was found that they were composed of benthic and drifted algae, various animal components (sponges, bryozoans, crustaceans, and various unidentified capsulated eggs, etc.) and biets turned out to be smaller than might be expected, and it is postulated that sea urchins were not likely to be the major grazing animals for the formation of algal bed and also canopy deterioration, so-called "white incrustation."

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.621-628
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• 1993

Total lipid contents from 10 species of marine algae(2 green, 5 brown, and 3 red algae) collected from different places in Korea were examined and their fatty acid compositions were compared among species and habitats. Total lipid(TL) was prominent in green laver(about 7.3~10.1%) of the green algae, in sea mustard and seaweed fusiforme(about 3.1~4.8%) of the brown algae and purple laver(about 4.9~6.4%) of the red algae. Sea mustard and seaweed fusiforme collected at Chungmu contained a relatively high level of TL than that at Yosu and Kijang. The TL content of purple laver showed the highest portion in that collected at Nakdong. Green algae comprised the majority of n-3 fatty acids(29.0~66.3%), which mainly consisted of 16 : 4(n-3) (or 16 : 3 (n-3)), 18 : 3(n-3) and 18 : 4(n-3). Brown algae accounted for a low level of n-3 fatty acids(17.9~36.5%) mainly 18 : 4(n-3), 18 : 3(n-3) and 20 : 5(n-3), whereas the brown algae contained a significant level of n-6 fatty acids(7.23~26.5%) such as 20 : 4(n-6) and 18 : 2(n-6). In the case of red algae, the n-3 fatty acids consisted mostly of 20 : 5(n-3) which scored 53% of polyenoic acids in purple laver collected at Nakdong. The proportion of n-3 fatty acids in algae belonging to the same species was higher in algae of high TL contents. Consequently, TL and n-3 fatty acid levels from the seaweeds studied in this paper were different from their habitats.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.19-28
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• 2021

Vitamin E and K are essential micronutrients required by our body in small amounts for proper metabolic functions; however, the content of vitamin E and K commonly consumed in foods has not been comprehensively defined. In this study, the contents of vitamins E and K in sea algae and vegetables were analyzed and the analytical methods were validated. The α-tocopherol equivalent (α-TE) and vitamin K1 content in sea algae ranged from 0.15 to 1.14 mg/100 g and from 11.91 to 1,629.5 ㎍/100 g, respectively. In addition, α-TE and vitamin K1 of vegetables were detected in the range of 0.02-2.48 mg/100 g and 16.15-979.60 ㎍/100 g, respectively. In particular, β- and γ-tocopherol and α- and β-tocotrienol were detected in several vegetables. The analytical methods were accurate and reproducible. These results provide reliable data on the vitamin E and K contents of foods consumed in Korea for the development of National Standard Food Composition Database.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1143-1150
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• 2005

Antioxidative activities of 5 common edible seaweeds in Korea, three brown algae (seaweed fusiforme, sea mustard, sea tangle), one green algae (sea lettuce) and one red algae (laver), were examined. The antioxidative activities of ethanol extracts from these seaweeds were examined by measuring of inhibition rates against iron-induced linoleate peroxidation, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl) radical generation and MDA-BSA (malondialdehyde-bovine serum albumin) conjugation. Sea lettuce ethanol extract showed the strongest anti-oxidative activity among them, especially in inhibition against conjugation of lipid peroxide and protein. Second to sea lettuce, laver and sea tangle ethanol extracts showed high DPPH radical scavenging activity and inhibition against MDA-BSA conjugation. However, seaweed fusiforme and sea mustard ethanol extracts did not show antioxidative activities. Sea mustard contained the highest total flavonoids (11.33 mg/g dry wt) and sea lettuce contained the highest total polyphenol (8.97 mg/g dry wt) among these seaweeds. In addition, there was strong positive correlation between the antioxidative activity and total polyphenol content in these seaweeds, suggesting polyphenol compounds may contribute to antioxidative effect of seaweeds. From these data, it is suggested to consume much of seaweeds such as sea lettuce, laver and sea tangle to prevent age-related chronic diseases, and also develope neutraceutical products using polyphenol rich fraction from sea lettuce.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.11-16
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• 2014

Korea is the urgent need to diversify the bio-energy raw materials because we have narrow area of land cultivated plants and lack the bio-mass resources. Using a resource-rich the marine environment enclosed on three sides by the sea. Through bio-energy production-technical and carbon dioxide reduction measures which will be a very effective alternative. Sustainable development about algae bio-energize industry through SSaM-GG(Smart, Shared and Mutual-Green, Growth) is expected. Algae has high carbon dioxide absorption factor, extracting oil from algae is thirty times much more than sunflower.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.191-195
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• 2002

In previous reports the authors have screened the inhibition effects of marine algae extracts on halitosis, and demonstrated that a brown algae, Eisenia bicyclis (' Daehwang') possess not only strong deodorant effect bug also considerable anticariogenic activities. In this study, we screened antibacterial effects of various marine algae, and measured minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of them against mutans streptococci in vitro. Among the 27 species of marine algae, $80\%$ ethanol extract of dried sea-mustard, Laminaria japonica ('Dasima') showed the strongest inhibition activity against Streptococcus mutans KCTC 3300. The extracts of Ulva lactuca ('Galparae'), Codium fragile ('Cheonggak'), Ecklonia cava ('Gamtae'), E. stolonifera ('Gompi') and Undalia Pinnatifida ('Miyeok') showed slightly weaker inhibitory potency than L. japonica. Differences of MIC values in $80\%$ ethanol extract of some species of marine algae were observed depending on test bacterial species, i.e., S. mutans KCTC 3300 or S. sobrinus KCTC 3307. Eighty percent ethanol extract of dried L japonica was fractionated with diethyl ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, n-buthanol and water successively, The ether-soluble fraction had inhibitory effect on S. mutans KCTC 3300, however the inhibitory effects were not found in the other fractions. The MIC values of $80\%$ ethanol extract and ether fraction were 180 and 105 $\mu$g/mL respectively, while no significant inhibition activity of water-soluble fraction was found even when the fraction was added up to 5,500 $\mu$g/mL.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.51-58
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• 1980

Sixteen species of algae (4 species of green algae, 5 species of brown algae and 7 species of red algae) were collected from the coast of Chungmu, Gyeongnam, from June to October, 1976. The content of minerals in algae were analyzed by Atometic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The results were as followed 1) The content of Iron and Nickel in green algae were abundant, and those of Lead, Nickel and Manganese in brown algae were low. 2) The content of Cadmium were in the range of 0.58-1.04ppm (average: 0.85ppm) in green algae, 0.32-2.10ppm (average: 1.08ppm) in brown algae and 0.54-1.70ppm (average: 1.04ppm) in red algae. The content of Cadmium were in the range of 0.3-0.6ppm in laver, Porphyra tenera, sea mustard, Undaria pinnatifida, and tangle, Laminaria japonica, but its content was lower than those expected. 3) The content of Lead were in the range of 0.67-1.40ppm (average: 1.03ppm) in green algae, 0.60-1.00ppm (average: 0.82ppm) in brown algae, 0.56-2.40ppm (average: 1.28ppm) in red algae and its content in algae were lower than in fish and shellfish. 4) The content of Copper were in the range of 10.8-24.2ppm (average: 18.95ppm) in green algae, 7.4-24.6ppm (average: 18.16ppm) in brown algae, 6.4-31.2ppm (average: 19.94ppm) in red algae and those content were considerably abundant except for some algae. 5) The content of Nickel were in the range of 5.4-16.6ppm (average: 9.1ppm) in green algae, 1.0-4.4ppm (average: 2.32ppm) in brown algae and 0.7-4.6ppm (average: 2.59ppm) in red algae. 6) The content of Iron were in the range of 686.4-1159.0ppm (average: 916.5ppm) in green algae, 131.0-499.2ppm (average: 310.16ppm) in brown algae and 156.0-530.4ppm (average: 248.2ppm) in red algae. Especially, that of Iron in green algae showed higher value than in any other. 7) The content of Manganese were in the range of 48-221ppm (average: 157.25ppm) in green algae, 12-65ppm (average: 41ppm) in brown algae and 72-162ppm (average: 121ppm) in red algae. Especially, that of Manganese in brown algae showed lower value than in any other. 8) The content of Zinc were in the range of 191.3-451.1ppm (average: 290.05ppm) in green algae, 89.9-374.2ppm (average: 202.64ppm) in brown algae and 106.4-281.4ppm (average: 188.93ppm) in red algae. 9) The content of Magnesium were in the range of 0.48-1.83% (average: 1.27%) in green algae, 1.04-1.71% (average: 1.21%) in brown algae and 0.42-1.24% (average: 0.097%) in red algae. 10) The content of Fluorine were in the range of 29.2-92.7ppm (average: 53.03ppm) in green algae, 33.3-43.5ppm (average: 39.18ppm) in brown algae and 32.4-59.0ppm (average: 44.84ppm) in red algae.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.62-68
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• 2014

This study was performed in order to investigate the functional components of 5 kinds of marine algae. We have collected 5 samples of marine algae, such as the sea mustard (Undaria pinnatifida), sea tangle (Laminaria iaponice), sea weed fusiforme (Hizikia fusiforme), green laver (Entetomotpha), laver (Phophyratenera), which have been harvested in Jeollanam-do. In order to examine the functional effects, 5 kinds of marine algae were extracted with hot water ($80^{\circ}C$, 4 hr), ethanol and methanol (R.T., 4 hr), and subcritical water extract (SWE, 3 MPa, $90^{\circ}C$, $150^{\circ}C$, $210^{\circ}C$). A higher yield of extract was obtained through SWE method (3 MPa, $210^{\circ}C$) in all of the samples obtained. The highest total sugar content was 427.4 mg/g in green laver extracted with SWE (3 MPa, $210^{\circ}C$). The content of the SWE total phenolic compounds was higher than that of the water and solvent (methanol, ethanol) extracts. The anti-oxidative activities of the extracts from 5 kinds of marine algae were examined through the DPPH radical scavenging activity test. The SWE (3 MPa, $150^{\circ}C$ and $210^{\circ}C$) of the marine algae was the highest among all of the extracts. As per the results, the SWE of the marine algae contained more functional components and it had a higher antioxidant activity than those of the other extracts. The $IC_{50}$ value of tyrosinase in seaweed fusiforme and laver were higher than those of the other samples. These results strongly support the possible use of marine algae as functional materials.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.291-296
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• 1997

The dietary fiber contents of seaweeds including Drown algae (Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Hizikia fusiforme), red algae (Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria verrucosa) and green algae (Ulva lactuca) and the extraction condition of the fiber was investigated. The dietary fiber contents of Undaria pinnatifida, Laminaria japonica, Hizikia jusiforme, Gelidium amansii, Gracilaria verrucosa and Ulva lactuca were $47.2\%,\;50.7,\;42.6\%,\;48.8\%,\;44.5\%\;and\;40.0\%$, respectively. It was effective to extract soluble dietary fiber with sodium salts such as disodium carbonate and disodium EDTA in brown algae. In red algae, it was effective to extract soluble dietary fibre with disodium EDTA. Also, the extraction time and temperature affected the yields of dietary fiber.