• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.107-113
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• 2003

Ecological control can contribute to the sustainibility of vegetation management systems by reducing the input currently derived from non-renewable fossil energy sources. The use of turfgrass mixtures is an important tool in turf management. Turfgrass mixtures of two or more compatible and adapted species provide improved tolerance to pest and environmental stress, more so than monostands. The objectives of this study were to evaluated turf insects, pests and zoysia large patch control by turgrass mixtures. In April 2001 and 2002, plots were inoculated with 50g of Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2LP inoculum. Inoculum were treated within a 29cm diamater circle at Zoysia japonica, Zoysia japonica, Poa pratenis, or Festuca arundinacea mixtures. After four weeks, disease severity in each plot was determined. plot area visual ratings were assessed visually on a linera 0 to 100%. In August 2001 and October 2002, turf insects and pests in each plot were investigated in 10cm deep soil cores with 8cm diameters using hole cut. Zoysia large patch affected zoysiagrass monostands more severly than zoysiagrass and cool-season turfgrasses mixtures. It was suggested that the barrier effect of cool-season turfgrass suppressed zoysia large patch in the mixture of zoysiagrass and cool-season turfgrasses. Also, warm-season and cool-season turfgrasses mixtures suppressed insect populations more efficiently than warm-season turfgrass monostands.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.24 no.8
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• pp.1161-1170
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• 2021

The MOBA game is updated every year with a new season, the new season update brings fun to the game users and also makes them feel unfamiliar with the new gameplay. In order to let game users better adapt to the new season, this study will extract the new season balance evaluation factors. Firstly, we used one-on-one review to collect the unbalanced factors that game users had encountered at the beginning of the new season of the MOBA game, and secondly, we organized the collected review data into a questionnaire and conducted a survey. The first step of the experiment was to filter out the lower factors through exploratory factor analysis and extract the balance evaluation factors of the MOBA game new season. The second step of the experiment was to examine the correlation between the factors through confirmatory factor analysis, as well as to confirm the appropriateness and explanatory value of the factors. The analysis resulted in "Game character experience", "Game view's expression", "Game level", and "Composition of the game setting" are the four factors. Finally, through correlation analysis, the most relevant factor for game satisfaction is the "Game character experience", and each factor is correlated with each other.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.91-99
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• 2017

The objective of this research was to investigate runoff characteristics of suspended solid (SS) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from a paddy field watershed during storm events in the growing and non-growing seasons. Average of event mean concentration (EMC) of pollutants were 56.9 mg/L for SS and 23.9 mg/L for COD in the non-growing season and 50.3 mg/L for SS and 11.9 mg/L for COD in the growing season. The average EMC of SS in the study area was much lower than that in the uplands irrespective of cultivation, suggesting that paddy fields control soil erosion. This may be because flooding and wet soil in the growing season, and rice straw residue and stubble on the topsoil in the non-growing season reduce soil erosion. The changing tillage practice from fall tillage to spring tillage avoids soil erosion due to shortening of the tilled fallow period. However, the average EMC of COD in the non-growing season was about twice as much that in the growing season likely due to the runoff of organics like rice straw residues. The relationship between SS and COD loads and stormwater runoff volume was expressed by power function. The exponent for SS was higher than that for COD, suggesting that SS load increased with stormflow runoff more than COD load did. The mean SS and COD loads per storm during the non-growing season were much lower than those in the growing season, and therefore non-point source pollution in the growing season should be managed well.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.1107-1111
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• 2004

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential nutritive value of five legume forages (leaves and twigs) in West Sumatra during wet and dry seasons. The chemical composition, in vitro dry matter (IVDMD), organic matter (IVOMD) and crude protein digestibility (IVCPD), in vitro gas characteristics and estimated metabolizable energy (ME) showed variation among legume forages and between different seasons. Crude protein (CP) ranged from 14.2 to 27.8% DM in the wet season, with a significant (p<0.05) reduction in dry season. C. pubescens, G. maculata, L. leucocephala and P. phaseloides showed the least reduction in CP content. The NDF, ADF and lignin were about 39.0, 26.5 and 6.1% DM, respectively in the wet season, and significantly (p<0.05) increased in the dry season, except for NDF of C. mucunoides and C. pubescens. For IVDMD, IVOMD and IVCPD significantly increased in the wet season, but values remained as high as over 50.0% of DM. The in vitro gas characteristics and metabolizable energy were significantly (p<0.05) higher in wet season than the dry season. During both seasons, the rate of constant (c) for G. maculata and ME content for C. pubescens and P. phaseloides were not significantly (p<0.05). Results demonstrated that P. phaseloides and L. leucocephala have a good nutritive value during both wet and dry seasons. Further studies on feeding trials are needed to quantify the animal responses when offered these legume forages.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.109-120
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to observe, to analyze of the preservice teachers' naive theories about the change of season. And it is to find a instruction strategy which can solve problem about this. The general idea about the change of season is observed by the 3 methods which are simply explaining with words, explaining with pictures and models. The author is to find the similarity. difference and relationship which the preservice teachers have about the general idea about the change of season. The important changable primary factors, which can effect to the general Idea formation, are naturally dragged out through the observation of preservice teachers participation. For this study, 4 first year preservice teachers of one of national university of education are used. Before the interview. the author tries to form rapport with the preservice teachers. Experiment materials, pencil. paper, camcorder, digital recorder and interview note were used for the study with reflection of them just way they are. As the result of the interview. all of 4 preservice teachers had not being understand the concept about the change of season and the three ways of explanation methods were not matched each other, so it is revealed that the general Idea of the change of season, which the preservice teachers have, is not strongly formed. In spite of the repeated study of the change of season from elementary school to university, it has many problem about recognition of the general idea about the change of season which pre-elementary teachers have. Therefore it is needed to improve the experiment in elementary science text book and naive theories by the activity which is explaining the change of season in three dimension space. to prevent the naive theories which the preservice teachers may have.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.265-271
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• 2014

Implementation of smart embryo technologies in cattle e.g. ovum pick-up followed by in vitro embryo production (OPU-IVP). Seasonal variation is important factor for follicular growth, oocytes quality, quantity and developmental competence. Therefore the aim of present study was carried out to investigated whether the seasons (hot and cool) effect on follicular development, oocyte recovery and subsequent embryo development. Follicular oocytes were aspirated from Korean native cows (Hanwoo) by the ovum pick-up (OPU) method, which was performed 24 times during two different seasons, the hot (July to September) and cool (October to December), from OPU donors. The recovered oocytes were classified according to morphological categories and used for in vitro embryo production (IVEP). The mean number of total follicles was significantly higher (p<0.05) during the hot season ($18.32{\pm}2.26$) compared to cool season ($15.41{\pm}3.34$). Furthermore, seasons did not significantly effect on the number of oocytes recovered (hot season: 41.16% vs. cool season: 46.14%). However, the average number of Grade A oocytes was significantly greater during hot ($1.75{\pm}1.86$) season compared to the cool season ($1.00{\pm}1.46$), but there was no significant difference of other grades oocytes. The cleavage rate (hot: 66.67% vs. cool: 63.3%) and embryo development (hot: 58.95% vs. cool: 56.97%) did not differ significantly between the seasons. In conclusion, the results of present study suggest that the season (hot and cool) does not have effects on the oocyte recovery and embryo developmental competence of in vitro cultured embryos.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.70-74
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• 1997

Data on 2,571 lactation records of Nili-Ravi buffaloes from four institutional herds and four field recording centers were analyzed under an animal model to see the effect of season definition on the error variance of the fitted model. Herd-year-season(HYS) was the main fixed effect along with permanent environment, breeding value and residuals as the random effects. All known relationships among the animals were considered. The error variance differed for various HYS combinations. It was minimum when then months were not grouped into seasons. The four or Five season scenarios were better than the two season scenarios. The average number of lactations represented in a HYS combination varied widely from 6 to 28. Very few subclasses for a given HYS combination warrants the use of fewer seasons for animal model evaluation of buffaloes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.1-12
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• 2009

This research was initiated to investigate the revegetation characteristics under the seeding amount treatments of cool-season turfgrasses on the disturbed slope. 4 different seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses (0.0 $g/m^2$, 1.5 $g/m^2$, 3.0 $g/m^2$, 6.0 $g/m^2$) with the same seeding amounts of native woody (Rhus chinensis, Albizzia julibrissin) and herbaceous plants (Lotus corniculatus var. japonicus, Dianthus sinensis, Aster yomena) were treated with 3 replications on the experimental disturbed slope. Data such as soil hardness (mm), moisture content (%), surface coverage rate (%), the number of each germinating plant and plant height were analyzed. There were no statistic differences observed in the soil hardness and the soil moisture content while a significant difference was observed in the surface coverage rates. The surface coverage rates were higher in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots compared to the rest two plots of cool-season turfgrasses. However, the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants was relatively low in 3.0 $g/m^2$ and 6.0 $g/m^2$ plots of high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses. This result indicated that high seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses could decrease the emergence of native woody and herbaceous plants. We concluded that 1.5 g~3.0 $g/m^2$ seeding amounts of cool-season turfgrasses was optimum level for the balanced emergence of cool-season turfgrasses, native woody and herbaceous plants in the viewpoint of the ecological disturbed slope revegetation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1627-1632
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• 2014

Background: Several studies indicated that the diagnosis season affects the prognosis of some cancers, such as examples in the prostate, colon and breast. This retrospective study aimed to investigate whether the diagnosis and recurrent season impacts the prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Methods: From January 2005 to August 2010, 161 epithelial ovarian cancer patients were analyzed and followed up until August 2013. Kaplan-Meier survival curves and the log-rank test were used to make the survival analysis. Multivariate analysis was conducted to identify independent prognostic factors. Results: The prognostic factors of overall survival in epithelial ovarian cancer patients included age, clinical stage, pathological type, histological grade, residual disease after primary surgery, recurrent season and adjuvant chemotherapy cycles. Moreover, clinical stage, histological grade, residual disease after primary surgery, recurrent season and adjuvant chemotherapy cycles also impacted the progression-free survival of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. The diagnosis season did not have a significantly relationship with the survival of operable epithelial ovarian cancer patients. Median overall survival of patients with recurrent month from April to November was 47 months, which was longer (P < 0.001) than that of patients with recurrence month from December to March (19 months). Median progression-free survival of patients with recurrence month from April to November and December to March was 20 and 8 months, respectively (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The recurrence season impacts the survival of epithelial ovarian cancer patients. However, the diagnosed season does not appear to exert a significant influence.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.7
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• pp.4325-4328
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• 2013

Introduction: The influence of season at diagnosis on cancer survival has been an intriguing issue for many years. Most studies have shown a possible correlation in between the seasonality and some cancer type survival. With short expected survival, lung cancer is an arena that still is in need of new prognostic factors and models. We aimed to investigate the effect of season of diagnosis on 3 months, 1 and 2 years survival rates and overall survival of non small cell lung cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The files of non small cell lung cancer patients that were stages IIIB and IV at diagnosis were reviewed retrospectively. According to diagnosis date, the patients were grouped into 4 season groups, autumn, winter, spring and summer. Results: A total of 279 advanced non small cell lung cancer patients' files were reviewed. Median overall survival was 15 months in the entire population. Overall 3 months, 1 and 2 years survival rates were 91.0%, 58.2% and 31.2% respectively. The season of diagnosis was significantly correlated with 3 months survival rates, being diagnosed in spring being associated with better survival. Also the season was significantly correlated with T stage of the disease. For 1 and 2 years survival rates and overall survival, the season of diagnosis was not significantly correlated. There was no correlation detected between season and overall survivals according to histological subtypes of non small cell lung cancer. Conclusion: As a new finding in advanced non small cell lung cancer patients, it can be concluded that being diagnosed in spring can be a favorable prognostic factor for short term survival.