• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 1998

The semi-volatile fraction of cigarette mainstream smoke contains the most important aroma and taste that enhance smoke flavor. The components in mainstream smoke were analysed for commercially available cigarettes. To compare the semi-volatile components delivered from mainstream smoke of domestic cigarette with imported cigarette, we analyzed three types of filter cigarettes such as cellulose acetate mono filter, carbon dual filter and slim filter cigarette. Mainstream smoke was collected with a combination of Cambridge filter pad and liquid trap containing a small amount of acetone cooled by dry ice-methanol. We have identified 43 components from mainstream smoke by GC and GC/MS and found that benzene, toluene, 4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2-pentanone, 5-methyl-2-furaldehyde, acetic acids nicotine and triacetin were the main peaks in mainstream smoke. Also we have compared the relative amounts of semi-volatile compounds delivered from the domestic and imported cigarettes with three different filters. From the results of this study, the relative amounts of limonene, acetic acid, 5-methyl-Lfuraldehyde delivered from the imported cigarettes were generally higher than those of the domestic one's.

• Proceedings of the SAREK Conference
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• 2009.06a
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• pp.762-767
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• 2009

Some types of semi-Volatile organic compounds (SVOC) that are emitted from plastics used in building materials and household appliances have associated health risks, even at low concentrations. In this study, micro chamber method for measuring SVOC is introduced and SVOC such as di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate and butylated hydroxyltoluene emitted a flooring material were measured using a micro chamber method. Airflow characteristics in a micro test chamber deeply depended on air exchange rate. From the evaluation using an index of air change efficiency, such as the air age and the coefficient of air change performance, a fixed air exchange rate of $1.5\;h^{-1}$ in the micro chamber is desirable.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.418-426
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• 1994

This study was aimed at the detection of 40 semi-volatile organic base/neutral compounds from soil among 129 priority pollutants listed by EPA. Two extraction procedures, sonication extraction and Soxhlet extraction, were studied as a extraction and concentration method for priority pollutants in soil. Extracts were analyted by GC/MS-SIM(selected ion monitoring). The analytical methods were tested by standard compounds spiked into blank soil. Accuracy and precision of the methods were measured by calculation of mean recovery and mean relative standard deviation. And the method detection limits were estimated.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.6-12
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• 2005

Contamination of soils and groundwater by leakage of petroleum compounds from underground storage tanks (USTs) has become great environmental issues. Conventional methods such as soil vapor extraction (SVE) used for the remediation of unsaturated soils contaminated with volatile organic compounds might not be applied for the removal of semi-volatile organic compounds such as diesel fuels and PCBs, which have low volatility and high hydrophobicity. The objective of this study is to develop a hot air injection method to remove semi-volatile compounds. Additionally, operation parameters such as temperature, air flow rate, and water content are evaluated. Experimental results show that diesel ranged organics (DROs) are removed in the order of volatility of organic compounds. As expected, removal efficiency of organics is highly dependent on the temperature. It is considered that more than $90\%$ of organic contaminants whose carbon numbers range between 17 and 22 can be removed efficiently by the hot air injection-extraction method (modified SVE) over the $100^{\circ}C$. It is also found that increased air flow rate resulted in high removal rate of contaminants. However, air flow rate over 40 cc/min is not effective for the operation aspects, due to mass transfer limitation on the volatilization rate of the contaminants. The effect of the water content on the decane removal is minimal, but some components show large dependence on the removal efficiency with increasing water content.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.20 no.1 s.90
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• pp.12-17
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• 2005

Despite a wide range of fatty acids in fish oil, its the usage are very limited owing to off-flavors and volatile compounds in the oil. A way to extract and remove volatile compounds was performed at a semi-flow extractor by using supercritical carbon dioxide $(SC-CO_2)$. Samples of the oil were treated at the conditions which ranged from $30\;to\;80^{\circ}C$ and from 80 to 200 bar with 10 mL/min flow rate of carbon dioxide. In the oil the volatile compounds were analyzed by gas chromatography. Before extraction with $SC-CO_2$ the oil sample was detected over 129 peaks but 99 compounds were identified. The results demonstrated that at $40^{\circ}C$ and 200 bar extraction condition the volatile compounds in the tuna fish oil were removed, except for 14 compounds identified after extraction and other $SC-CO_2$ extraction conditions reached to high reduction of the volatile compounds.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.43-62
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the influence of different sampling methods on the measured concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) both in the vapor and particulate phases, and to evaluate the effects of ambient temperature and sampling duration on the losses of PAH associated with particle samples due to volatilization. The experimental protocol of this study is consisted of two parts. The first part is related to the comparison of PAH concentrations measured by 4 different sampling systems, each of which involves different sampling principles for comparison purposes, including a medium-volume sampler with XAD-2 adsorbent, a high-volume sampler with polyurethane foam (PUF), two identical low-volume samplers: one with XAD-2 and the other with PUF, respectively. The second part of this study is to quantitatively estimate the losses of particulate PAH samples by volatilization during sampling, using two identical low-volume samplers: one was used for changing the filters every 3 hrs, 6 hrs, 12 hrs, and 24 hrs sampling, while the other was maintained for continuous 48 hours sampling without changing the filter. The concentrations of volatile PAH including 2-3 rings appeared to be significantly affected by the type of adsorbent. Measured levels of these lower-molecular weight PAH by XAD-2 adsorbent were much higher than those by PUF for both high-volume and low-volume sampling. PUF was found to give rise to unknown components that interfered with the PAH analysis, even after extensive clean-up. In addition, the retention efficiency of PUF for lower molecular weight PAH was subject to a large variation, being significantly influenced by sampling conditions such as ambient temperature. However, the effect of sampling methods with different adsorbents on the measured levels of semi-volatile compounds including 4 rings PAH such as fluoranthene, pyrene, BaA and chrysene, was not so much significant as more volatile PAH compounds. It was also clear from this study that volatilization losses of the semi-volatile PAH collected on the filters were inevitably occurred during prolonged sampling, and hence the results obtained from conventional sampling methods may not be expected to yield an accurate distribution of PAH between the vapor and particulate phases.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the smoke component changes by adding oriental, reconstituted, and expanded tobacco leaves. 7 different cigarette brands which were mixed with flue-cured, burley, oriental, reconstituted and expanded tobacco leaves were used for this study. 64 kinds of smoke components which were 6 of general components, 34 of semi-volatile and volatile components, 9 of acid components, and 15 of phenolic components were analyzed. All smoke components of mainstream smoke were changed by the different branding. As Tar, nicotine, ammonia, pH, all of acid compounds(except lacatic and glycolic acid) were decreased; HCN, levoglucosame, 4-vinyl phenol, 4-vinyl catechol, quinic acid-r-lactone, acetaldehyde, 2,3-butadiene, stylene were increased by adding oriental tobacco leaves. When the reconstituted tobaccos were added to 20%, the concentration of nicotine, all of acid compounds(except lactic. glycolic, palmitic acid) and all of phenol compounds were reduced; the concentration of ammonia, HNC, CO, aeconitrile, benzene, 2-butanone, moth-acrolene, butyronitrile, stylene, o-xylene were increased. As decreasing ammonia, pH, nicotine, all of acid compounds, all of phenol compounds, Isoprene, acetonitrile, 2-methyl-2-butene, 1,3-pentadiene, 2-nlethyl furane, ethylene cyclopentanone, ethyl bezene; increasing CO concentration were followed by adding expanded tobacco leaves.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.236-241
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• 2012

There are many industrial factories in the central Nakdong river basin and have been occurred water pollution accidents by hazardous chemicals such as phenol, 1,4-dioxane and perchlorate. In this study, ten compounds of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) (dichlorvos, toluene-2,4-diisocyanate, 4,4'-methylenedianiline, 4,4'-methylenebis (2-chloroaniline), diethyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthaltate, bis (2-ethylhexyl) adipate, benzophenone, 4,4'-bisphenol A) of hazardous chemicals which may be potentially discharged into the Nakdong river, were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with disk-type solid-phase extraction. Accuracy and precision were in the range of 75.6~110.5%, and 4.6~12.7%, respectively and recovery was in the range of 72.4~127.9%. Three compounds (bis (2-ethylhexyl)adipate, benzophenone, 4,4'-bisphenol A) were detected in industrial wastewater such as wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and wastewater discharge facilities in the Nakdong River basin.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2012

A gas chromatography-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was developed for determining 25 semivolatile organic compounds in water. A 1.0 L water sample was placed in a separatory funnel and saturated with NaCl, and the solution was extracted two times with 40 mL of methylene chloride. Under the established condition, the linear quantification range was 0.02-800 ng/L and the relative standard deviation was less than 15%. The method was used to analyze 16 surface water samples collected from various regions in Gum-River. The samples revealed SVOC concentrations in the range of 0.02-96.8 ng/L. Maximum concentrations of VOCs detected were not exceeded the EPA or Germany guidelines in any of the samples. The developed method may be valuable for monitoring SVOCs in water.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.223-226
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• 2004

In this paper, removal of diesel hydrocarbons (C$_{10}$-C$_{22}$) for dry and moist soil was investigated so that microwave-enhanced soil vapor extraction(SVE) reduced soil treatment time and raised remediation efficiency. Kinetic constants of diesel hydrocarbons with microwave energy were 7 times on dry soil and 1580 times on moist soil as much as those of SVE process without microwave energy. The diesel removals were 67.7～78.4% for $C_{10}$ and $C_{12}$, and 0～18.5% for $C_{14}$～C$_{22}$ for dry and moist soil with SVE process only. On the other hand, dry soil with microwave-enhanced SVE process showed 89.3～99.4% removal for $C_{10}$ and $C_{12}$ and 35.6～67.0% for hydrocarbons over $C_{14}$. All hydrocarbons(C$_{10}$～C$_{22}$) studied were significantly removed (93.6～99.8%) for moist soil with microwave-enhanced SVE process. Almost all diesel hydrocarbons were usually considered as semi-volatile compounds(SVOCs). Microwave-enhanced SVE process might have a great potential for remediation of soils contaminated with SVOCs.OCs.