• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제44권5호
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• pp.47-53
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• 2007

IEEE 802.16j는 기존의 IEEE 802.16e에 중계기를 도입하여 커버리지 확장과 데이터 처리율 향상을 목적으로 하고 있다. 일반적인 셀룰러 시스템과 마찬가지로 IEEE 802.16j 또한 셀 가장자리에서 경로손실(Path loss), 음영감쇄(Shadow Fading)와 다중경로 감쇄(Multipath fading)에 의해 성능 열화를 겪게 된다. 한편, IEEE 802.16j시스템에서 두 개 이상의 중계기를 상호 협조적으로 사용함으로써 공간 다이버시티 이득을 얻을 수 있다. 여기에, 공간 시간 부호를 사용하는 상호 협조 중계 방식은 일반적인 단일 중계기를 사용하는 방식보다 Multipath Fading 환경에서 보다 우수한 성능을 제공하며, Shadow Fading에 대해서 링크간의 통신 신뢰도를 높인다. 이 논문에서는 상호 협조 중계 방식을 사용하는 IEEE 802.16j의 성능을 링크 레벨 모의 실험을 통해 구하고, 그 방식이 기존의 단일 중계 방식보다 우수한 성능을 가짐을 보인다. 또한 서로 다른 경로들마다 각각의 Shadow Fading을 겪으므로, 이 점을 고려한 실제적인 Shadow Fading 모델을 적용하고 분석하여, 중계기의 공간적인 위치가 시스템의 성능에 큰 영향을 준다는 것을 밝힌다.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.795-804
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• 1999

이동통신 시스템을 사용하는 이용자의 증가와 이에 따른 시스템 용량 증대의 필요성은 전력과 스펙트럼 측면에서 효율적인 변조 기법의 사용을 요구한다. 본 논문에서는 다양한 페이딩 채널(레일리, 라이시안, Shadow 라이시안)에서 DS/CDMA-BPSK 시스템의 BER 성능을 구하였다. 또한 3-상태 페이딩 채널에서 진폭이 거의 일정한 DS/CDMA-BPSK 시스템의 BER 성능과 채널 용량을 수치 계산하였다. 본 논문에서 적용한 Shadow 라이시안 페이딩 모델은 Canadian Mobile Satellite (MSAT)채널에서 사용되는 파라미터 값을 적용하였고, 3-상태 페이딩 채널 모델은 레일리 페이딩 상태, 라이시안 페이딩 상태, Shadow 라이시안 페이딩 상태로 구성하였다. 그리고 이 모델은 다양하게 변화하는 육상이동위성 채널의 시뮬레이션을 위한 기본 모델로써 적용이 가능함을 확인하였다. 또한 본 논문에서 제시한 동적인 3-상태 페이딩 채널 모델은 다양한 무선 환경에서의 디지털 전송을 표현하는데 적절함을 알 수 있었다. 수치 계산한 결과로부터 light, average, heavy Shadow 라이시안 페이딩 채널에서 DS/CDMA-BPSK 시스템은 동시 사용자가 20명이고 처리이득이 511인 환경에서 $P_b\leq10^{-5}$이하의 BER 성능을 얻을 수 없었다. 또한 채널 용량면에서도 요구조건을 만족하지 못하였다. 또한 3-상태 페이딩 채널에서는 무선 채널의 점유 확률과 Shadow의 정도에 따라서 BER 성능이 지배됨을 알 수 있었다. 결과로부터 Shadow 시간 구간이 포함된 무선채널에서는 신뢰성있는 데이터 통신을 지원하기 위한 강력한 에러 제어 부호나 수신기 다이버시티를 사용하는 것이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권7호
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• pp.2371-2388
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• 2015

In this paper, we investigate the performance evaluation of three dimensional (3D) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems with an adjustable base station (BS) antenna tilt angle and zero-forcing (ZF) receivers in Ricean/Lognormal fading channels. In particular, we take the lognormal shadow fading, 3D antenna gain with antenna tilt angle and path-loss into account. First, we derive a closed-form lower bound on the sum rate, then we obtain the optimal BS antenna tilt angle based on the derived lower bound, and finally we present linear approximations for the sum rate in high and low-SNR regimes, respectively. Based on our analytical results, we gain valuable insights into the impact of key system parameters, such as the BS antenna tilt angle, the Ricean K-factor and the radius of cell, on the sum rate performance of 3D MIMO with ZF receivers.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제9권9호
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• pp.3335-3356
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• 2015

In this paper, we analyze the connectivity of cognitive radio ad-hoc networks in a log-normal shadow fading environment. Considering secondary user and primary user's locations and primary user's active state are randomly distributed according to a homogeneous Poisson process and taking into account the spectrum sensing efficiency of secondary user, we derive mathematical models to investigate the connectivity of cognitive radio ad-hoc networks in three aspects and compare with the connectivity of ad-hoc networks. First, from the viewpoint of a secondary user, we study the communication probability of that secondary user. Second, we examine the possibility that two secondary users can establish a direct communication link between them. Finally, we extend to the case of finding the probability that two arbitrary secondary users can communicate via multi-hop path. We verify the correctness of our analytical approach by comparing with simulations. The numerical results show that in cognitive radio ad-hoc networks, high fading variance helps to remarkably improve connectivity behavior in the same condition of secondary user's density and primary user's average active rate. Furthermore, the impact of shadowing on wireless connection probability dominates that of primary user's average active rate. Finally, the spectrum sensing efficiency of secondary user significantly impacts the connectivity features. The analysis in this paper provides an efficient way for system designers to characterize and optimize the connectivity of cognitive radio ad-hoc networks in practical wireless environment.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• 제6권3호
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• pp.176-181
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• 2006

Signal distortion due to the path loss, shadow, and multi-path fading is very serious in radio channel. In this paper, we propose CDMA-OFDM cooperative communication system based on DFP(Decode and Forward Protocol) to overcome these phenomena using spread spectrum technique, orthogonal sub-carrier, and the space diversity. We simulated proposed system under Rayleigh flat fading channel environment. A variety of simulation results reveal the cooperation can provide performance gain of up to 12 dB over direct communications in ideal inter-user case at BER of $10^{-3}$. And we can also confirm variation of diversity effect as channel environment changes.

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 2015

In a multi-hop wireless network, connectivity is determined by the link that is established by the receiving signal strength computed by subtracting the path loss from the transmission power. Two path loss models are commonly used in research, namely two-ray ground and shadow fading, which determine the receiving signal strength and affect the link quality. Link quality is one of the key factors that affect network performance. In general, network performance improves with better link quality in a wireless network. In this study, we measure the network connectivity and performance in a shadow fading path loss model, and our observation shows that both are severely degraded in this path loss model. To improve network performance, we propose power control schemes utilizing link quality to identify the set of nodes required to adjust the transmission power in order to improve the network throughput in both homogeneous and heterogeneous multi-hop wireless networks. Numerical studies to evaluate the proposed schemes are presented and compared.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.48-55
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• 1995

서비스 영역이 중심 셀로부터 3개의 궤도가 포함하고 있는 37개의 6각형 셀의 역방향 링크(이동체-기지국)에 대한 디지털 셀룰러 CDMA의 용량을 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션에 의하여 구하였다. 채널에는 shadow페이딩이 존재하며, 시스템은 이상적으로 전력제어가 이루어지고 있다고 가정하였다. 본 논문에서는 전파손실계수와 음성통화율 그리고 인접 셀의 통화량을 고려한 CDMA 시스템의 용량 평가를 통하여 CDMA 시스템의 용량은 전과손실계수가 증가하고 음성통화율이 감소함에 따라 증가하며 $\gamma=4일$ 때 아날로그 셀룰러 FM/FDMA와 디지털 셀룰러 TDMA의 용량에 비하여 각각 15배와 5배 가량 크며 인접하고 있는 셀의 통화량에 매우 민감하다는 결과를 얻었다.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제34권6호
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• pp.858-868
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• 2012

In this paper, stochastic models for the cross-correlation of multiple channels are established based on measurement data collected using a wideband multiple-input multiple-output relay Band Exploration and Channel Sounder system at 3.7 GHz. We propose models for the cross-correlation characteristics of large-scale parameters (LSPs) between two links, that is, the base station and mobile station (MS) link and the relay station and MS link. The LSPs include shadow fading, Rician K-factor, delay spread, angle spread of arrival, and angle spread of departure. Furthermore, models are established for the cross-correlation of the small-scale fading in the impulse responses of two links. The statistics of these model parameters are investigated as functions of geometrical features of the multilink. They are extracted from a large amount of cross-correlation observations, which are obtained in three measurement sites along more than one hundred measurement routes. These models can be used together with the standard single-link channel models for the generation of correlated components, for example, path clusters, in two separate channels.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제8권9호
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• pp.2967-2981
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• 2014

Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is a technology component for long-term evolution-advanced (LTE-A). In D2D communication, users in close proximity to each other can communicate directly without going through a base station; such direct communication can improve spectral efficiency. Although D2D communication brings improvement in spectral efficiency, it also causes interference to the cellular network as a result of spectrum sharing. In particularly, D2D communication can generate interference for each D2D pair when the common wireless medium in a co-located limited area is accessed. Even though the interference management for between the D2D pair and cellular networks has been proposed, the interference reducing methods have still not been fully studied for the D2D pairs. In this paper, we investigate the problem of D2D pair coexistence in which interference is considered between D2D pairs. Using a signal to interference model for a target D2D pair, we provide an analysis of the aggregated throughput of a dense D2D network. For a target D2D pair, we assume that the desired signal and interference signals obey multipath fading and shadow fading. Through analysis, we demonstrate the effect of cluster size such as the number of D2D pairs and the size of the considered area on the network performance. The analytical results are compared with computer simulations. Our work can be used for a rough guideline for controlling the system throughput in a dense D2D network environment.

• 한국방송∙미디어공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국방송∙미디어공학회 2020년도 하계학술대회
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• pp.717-720
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• 2020

An indoor localization system that uses Wi-Fi RSSI signals for localization gives accurate user position results. The conventional Wi-Fi RSSI signal based localization system uses raw RSSI signals from access points (APs) to estimate the user position. However, the RSSI values of a particular location are usually not stable due to the signal propagation in the indoor environments. To reduce the RSSI signal fluctuations, shadow fading, multipath effects and the blockage of Wi-Fi RSSI signals, we propose a Wi-Fi localization system that utilizes the advantages of Wi-Fi RSSI heat maps. The proposed localization system uses a regression model with deep convolutional neural networks (DCNNs) and gives accurate user position results for indoor localization. The experiment results demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed localization system for indoor localization.