• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.23-34
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• 1991

With 10 subjects of 6-year-old children residing in Pusan, I analyzed the relation of walking types(step angle, step width, step and stride) and wear comfort according to the style and size fo shoes in order to reveal the fitness of children's shoes centered on the relationship of shoes size and walking. Three styles of children's shoes(laced and unlaced formal shoes, magic-taped sports shoes) ranging in five different size were used. The following are conclusions. 1. As to step angle, there was no conceivable change in the left side, while the right side had a significance in accordance with the shoes size at p<0.001. As the size grew, right step angle of all shoes increased, with unlaced shoes having more influence than others. Step angle were the smallest when all the sampled shoes made the difference of 5mm between foot size and shoes size. 2. As to step width, there was no conceivable change in the style of shoes, while shoes size had a significance at p<0.001. As the size grew, step width also increased. Step width were the smallest when all the sampled shoes made the difference of 5mm between foot size and shoes size. 3. Step and stride, however, took no significance at all, since they were not influenced by the size or style of the shoes. 4. Wear comfort had a significance at the level of p<0.001. Since it was influenced by the size or style of the shoes. The best wear comfort was felt when all the sampled shoes had laces and magic tapes as well as the size with the difference of 5-10mm between foot size and shoes size.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.35-51
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• 2007

This research was administered in order to know the effects of heels on the foot by comparing the foot environmental characteristics when common shoes and elevated shoes are worn. First, 157 male adults in their 20s through 40s living in Busan were the inquiry subjects to reveal the shoes-wearing reality of adult males. Second, 7 male adults in their early 20s became the subjects for the experiments of wearing common shoes and elevated shoes. 1. Inquiry Results of Shoes-Wearing Reality Common-shoes wearers were in the order: 20s (43.9%) > 30s (24.8%) > 40s (8.3%). Elevated-shoes wearers were mostly 20s (12.1%), followed by 30s (8.3%) and 40s (2.5%). Among the wearing effects of elevated shoes were 'looking taller' (66.7%), 'no height complex & more confidence' (30.6%), and 'higher work efficiency' (2.8%). In sum, 97.3% of the male subjects believed in great positive effects by wearing elevated shoes. 2. Shoes-Wearing Experiment Results In foot skin temperature, significant differences between the two groups were admitted in outer foot a (p<0.05) and other areas (p<0.001), except in the instep. Elevated-shoes group had bigger skin temperature, while the order of temperature was the instep, the big toe, inner foot a/b/c and outer foot a/b/c. Significant difference was accepted in total sweat rate (p<0.05) and local sweat rate (p<0.01). Elevated-shoes group appeared higher in both rates. Significant difference (p<0.001) between the two groups was recognized in fatigue degrees after wearing, whereas significance (p<0.05) in elevated-shoes group was approved in fatigue before and after exercise. So elevated-shoes group experienced more fatigue, especially after exercise.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.13 no.5
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• pp.121-134
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• 2009

The purpose of this study was to analyze the wearing pattern and design preference of shoes for men, and to develop the possibility and strategy of the shoes market for the shoes marketers and manufacturers. In this study, the data obtained from 285 respondents were analyzed by the descriptive statistics. The results from the data were as follows : The most frequent brand among the 45 shoes brand by 285 respondents described in free style was 'Esquire'. The 268 respondents possessed two shoes or more, the most frequent shoes' color was black, and the most preferred brand was 'Kumkang'. The 195 respondents indicated the discomfort of ready-made shoes, The 198 respondents discarded their shoes 'on the reason of worn-out', the 98 respondents indicated that the most important thing in the purchasing point was 'the comfort of shoes' The respondents preferred shoes with 'slip-on type', 'cow leather', 'semi-rounded toe', 'no-metal ornaments', 'moccasin tip', 'leather-sole', and '3cm heel'. Finally, this study proposed that the best strategy for shoes marketers and manufacturers was to upgrade the comfort of shoes by design(line) and the material with functional textures.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.135-153
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• 2000

Shoes originated from the practical purposes : to protect feet from heat, cold. etc., and developed into various shapes. representing ornamentation and hierarchy. It was revealed that the aesthetic value was differently manifested from the practical one by different natural environments and socio-cultural Phenomena of the times in the East and the West. Comparing shoes in the East with those in the West, this study finds out the origin of shoes in the East and the West, and shapes and characteristics of shoes through the changes of times. Investigating various kinds of shoes in the East and the West, it also finds out the differences in status representations. Shoes are classified into the following styles : in the West. (i) sandal in which the instep was almost exposed, tied with strips and fixed with band, (ii) closed shoes covering the instep, (iii) boots that arose above the ankle: in the East, (i) shoes without shoe neck (리) boots with shoe neck (화) and wooden shoes (극). Status was also represented in shoes. In the West. the status difference was manifested mainly by jewelry or embroidery ornamentation. In particular, it was realized by the way they tied the shoes in Rome and by the length of the pointed front of the shoes in Romanesque and Gothic period. In the East, China, Korea and Japan, on the other hand, the use of shoes was regulated in detail by the official costume system, where material and color played an important role in marking the status.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.671-683
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify middle-school boys' purchase behavior according to their shoes shopping orientation. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect from 314 subjects. Factor analysis, Chi-square test, and one-way ANOVA were done using SPSS PC (Ver. 18.0). Most middle-school boys selected shoes that were 255~270mm, possessed on to two pairs of school shoes, searched for information for about five days before purchase, had spent 50,000~150,000 won on one to two pairs of shoes during the previous six months, saw design, comfort, and brand as their selection criteria, chose their shoes by themselves, shoes specialty stores, had favorite brands, preferred athletic shoes made of achromatic canvas, and bought new shoes when their old ones wore out. Factors of shoe shopping orientation were fashion and brand, economy, conformity, and comfort, and students were grouped into an active shopping group, an underdeveloped shopping orientation group, and a value pursuit group. The active shopping group bought more shoes, spent more on shoes, selected their shoes themselves, patronized discount shoe stores or specialty stores, and preferred national brand shoes. The underdeveloped shopping orientation group accepted their friends' opinions when selecting shoes and bought cheaper shoes. The value pursuit group accepted their parents' opinions when selecting shoes, patronized internet shopping malls or traditional markets, and selected cheaper shoes. The shoe shopping orientation of middle-school boys was immature, but they showed strong consumption needs.

• Korean Journal of Rural Living Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.99-108
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• 1996

This study has intended to suggest fundamental data to develope and choose appropriate shoes for upland farming in order to prevent health deterioration of women workers and improve work effectiveness and reduce fatigue by wearing appropriate shoes. During 1995. 4. 28 - 5. 10, Fifty women workers in hot pepper farming were observed and major shoe types, which were rubber shoes, walking shoes, slippers, and rubber boots, were selected for the study. During 1995. 10. 9 - 31, two subjects were tested by wearing those shoes in the laboratory where the temperature was 24$\pm$1$^{\circ}C$ and relative humidity 50$\pm$5%RH. And the temperature & humidity on sole and in the shoes, the rectal temperature, skin temperature, blood pressure, pulse, lactate concentration of blood, Flickers' value and subjective sensation were measured. The results were as follows : 1. 84% of women workers mentioned that they need shoes improvement and the order of most frequent shoe types to be worn was rubber shoes, walking shoes, slippers, rubber boots. 2. The rate of women who were unsatisfied with shoes for upland farming is 38 percentages. The reason of unsatisfaction was that feet were in a sweat and alien substances were let into shoes. 3. The temperature & humidity on sole were the lowest in rubber boots during experiment(p＜0.01). 4. The relative humidity in the shoes was the highest in rubber boots by 90% and the lowest in walking shoes by 72% during rest And the humidity in slippers and walking shoes were significantly low in experiment(p＜0.001). 5. Rubber boots showed the highest rise in rectal temperature by 0.2$^{\circ}C$ showing increase of core temperature (p＜0.05). 6. The mean skin temperature during experiment was highest in rubber boots by 33.8$^{\circ}C$(p＜0.001).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.312-319
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to provide information for the manufacturer of shoes. The data was collected through a questionnaire on purchasing practices, wearing state and overall satisfaction with shoes for high school students. The questionnaire survey was conducted on 598 high school students(49.2％ male students, 50.8％ female students) in the Cheongju area. Statistical tests such as frequencies, percentages, and crosstabs were conducted to analyze the data. The results were as follows： 1) The main reasons for buying new shoes were replacing worn out shoes or color and design coordination with other apparel. 2) Male students bought shoes generally from shoe stores and sports brand retailers, but female students bought mainly from shoe stores. The order of criteria considered for purchasing was design, size, price, color, style coordination and comfort. 3) While attending school, male students geneially wore sports shoes, but female students wore sports shoes and dress shoes by similar ratio. 4) The male students used primarily ordinary sports shoes and casual shoes secondarily, and for female students, primarily ordinary sports shoes and sneakers secondarily. 5) They were satisfied with shoe design and color but quality of the material and durability were unsatisfactory. 6) When they wore shoes for long hours, they experienced fatigue of the whole leg and general discomfort, blisters on the feet, and red skin.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.78-89
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• 2004

With 100 collegians residing in Busan, a shoes wearing survey was held. Out of the subjects, 50 women collegians showing some interest in fashion sneakers were chosen to reveal the effects of shoes size changes on walking patterns and wearing sense. This study focused on the fitness of sneakers produced the following results: 1. Survey Results of Shoes Wearing The subjects had some room in wearing sneakers or athletic shoes, including $20{\sim}30mm$ (33%). Just 25% of the subjects reported about the experience of falling, and 67.6% had difficulty walking on downhills. 50% felt feet fatigue difference when wearing fitting and unfitting shoes. 2. Analysis of Walking Patterns & Survey Results of Wearing Sense No significance was found among shoes sizes in left and right step angles. Step width measurement revealed no significance among shoes sizes. Significance ($p{\le}.05$) existed among shoes sizes in steps and strides. Significance ($p{\le}.001$) was noticed among shoes sizes in wearing sense.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.382-390
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• 2016

This study has investigated the status and overview of design characteristics of customized shoes, which receives much recognition at domestic and overseas markets. Based on the market research on current consumer lifestyle and needs of the custom-shoes(which is an abbreviation of customized shoes), this study has provided its development directions, views and demands. The design types of custom-shoes have been broadly divide into two: firstly 'style centered custom-shoes'; secondly 'function centered custom-shoes'. Style centered custom-shoes are specifically divided into 3 types; first, formal custom-shoes; second, sports and casual custom-shoes; and lastly, bespoke shoes. Function centered custom-shoes design refers to enhancing the function of personal soleprint which has to be designed by delicately detailed insole and outsole, rather than alignment of exterior parts of the shoes. These are used in professional sports shoes and also include orthopedics footwear and grafted footwear for people who have disabled on foot. Custom footwear market has been highly expanded and has entered value-added market according to increasing interest in foot health and shopping trends on shoes buying like taking shoes as personal expression in accordance with a variety of places and situations. In the near future, custom-shoes can be produced in a couple of days due to the technological advance of 3D scanners and 3D printers. This phenomenon will wants more demands of specific shoes experts such as custom-design consultants or shoes fitting experts, who can overcome limitations of online custom-shoes stores.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.365-377
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• 2011

The dual purposes of this study were to investigate footwear worn by college students who have become spoilt for choice in apparel & shoes, and point out the problems of their shoe-wearing habbits. The survey was administered in October, 2010 to 600 college residents in Kwangju-Jeonnam area and the results are as follows. Firstly, the most frequently worn footware by males were sneakers, followed by dress shoes and oxford shoes. Females followed a similar trend with sneakers being the most frequently worn, followed by high heeled shoes, flat shoes, wedge high heeled shoes and chucker boots. Secondly, both male and female students thought that the most comfortable and favorable shoes for them were sneakers and the most uncomfortable ones were high-heeled shoes and sandals. They thought chucker boots were both fashionable and comfortable. Thirdly, the degree of unsatisfaction for shoes was relatively high and the influencing factors for unsatisfaction were uncomfortable soles, aches around the toes and a frontward leaning posture of the body, etc. Finally, 87% of the female subjects who had experience wearing high-heeled(over 7cm height) shoes showed a significant increase in foot disorders than those who had never worn high-heeled shoes. According to the results, it is necessary to educate proper selection and wearing of footwear in order to prevent foot disorders and maintain overall health of the body.