• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권7호
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• pp.119-126
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• 2018

The Slaughterhouse is the place where animals are butchered for food. This study is to investigate the establishment and transition of slaughterhouse operated in Busanbu(釜山府) as public facilities during Japanese Colonial Period. It was established in relation to the application of hygienics which the idea of modern natural science and technology produced at that time. The establishment of slaughterhouse was based on the leading knowledge of public health. It also provided important revenues for the local government and became one of the techniques of Japanese Colonial Rule. The slaughterhouse was turned into the public management in 1921 and had to be shifted twice. Eventually, it had an effect on the culture of food greatly.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2002

Major hazards existed in slaughterhouse are pathogenic microorganisms originated from intestinal microflora of slaughtered animals. This study was intended for the identification of microbial contamination sources during pork slaughtering in small plants. Total aerobic bacteria, Coliform group, Salmonella spp, Listeria monocytogenes, and Campylobacter jejuni/coli were isolated from the surface sample of pork carcasses. Contamination level among different sampling points of ham, belly and neck did not showed statistical differences. Therefore, the mixed sampling from belly and neck of carcass could be effective for microbiological monitoring. Isolation rates of pathogenic microorganisms showed Salmonella spp 20.9%, Listeria monocytogenes 10.5%, and Campylobacter jejuni/coli 8.1% from 296 sampling points. High prevalence rate of Salmonella spp indicated that the contamination of intestinal microflora occurred due to unsanitary processing control, which required HACCP system in small plants. It was recommended that the prerequisite program should be a key factor for a successful HACCP system implementation especially in small size slaughterhouse.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.335-341
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• 2004

본 연구는 도계장 규모 및 계절별로 도계공정 단계에 따른 미생물학적 오염도와 변화추이를 조사하기 위하여 수행되었다. 도계 5단계 즉, 내장 적출 전, 내장 적출 후, 최종세척 후, 본냉각 후 그리고 냉장실에서 닭 표면에 대한 미생물학적 분석을 위하여 멸균시료봉지를 이용한 전체 닭에 대한 시료를 채취하였다. 그 결과 여름철 시료의 경우 소규모 도계장의 일반세균수는 본 냉각 후와 냉장실에서 $10^4$ CFU/mL로서 $10^{5}$ CFU/mL 수준의 균수를 보인 대규모 도축장에 비하여 낮게 검출이 되었다. 그렇지만 대장균 검사 결과는 반대로 소규모 도계장($10^2$-$^4$ CFU/mL)이 대규모 도계장($10^{0-2}$ CFU/mL)보다 2 log갈이 높은 경향을 보여 주었다. 가을철과 겨울철 시료에서는 대규모 도계장과 소규모 도계장의 일반세균수는 내장 적출 후 $10^{5}$ CHU/mL 수준이고, 그리고 본 냉각 후와 냉장실에서는 $10^4$ CFU/mL 수준으로 비슷한 측정값을 보여주었다. 대장균수의 측정값에 있어서는 소규모 도계장과 대규모 도계장이 모두 냉장실에서 가을철에는 $10^2$ CFU/mL수준, 그리고 겨울철에는 $10^3$ CFU/mL 수준으로 비슷한 측정값을 보 여주었다. 또한 가을철과 겨울철 시료에 있어서 냉각공정 단계의 냉각 말기 냉각수 미생물 검사 결과는 소규모 도계장이 대규모 도계장보다 낮은 일반세균수 값을 보여주었다. 봄철 시료에 있어서 소규모 도계장은 본 냉각 후 도계과정을 제외하곤 모든 도계공정 단계에서 대규모 도계장보다 높은 일반 세균수의 측정값을 보여주었다. 봄철 시료의 냉각말기의 냉각수 일반세균수는 소규모 도계장이 대규모 도계장보다 높은 측정값을 보여주었다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2005

본 연구는 돼지 도축 규모 및 계절별로 도축단계에 따른 미생물 오염도와 변화를 조사하기 위하여 수행하였다. 도축 5단계 즉, 내장적출 전, 내장적출 후, 최종세척 전, 최종세척 후 그리고 냉장실에서 돼지 도체 복부 표면에 대한 미생물 오염도를 조사하기 위하여 가로 세로 10×10 cm의 면적에 대하여 swab 방법으로 시료를 채취하였다. 그 결과 가을철 시료의 경우 소규모 도축장의 일반세균수는 모든 도축공정에서 10⁴∼10/sup 5/ CFU/㎠로서 10²∼10³ CFU/㎠의 균수를 보인 대규모 도축장에 비하여 높은 경향을 보였고, 냉장실 시료의 경우 대규모 도축장에 있어서 일반세균수가 10² CFU/㎠ 수준으로 10⁴ CFU/㎠ 수준값을 보여준 소규모 도축장과 일반세균수의 값에 있어서 큰 차이를 보였다. 겨울철 시료와 봄시료에 있어서도 가을 시료와 마찬가지로 대규모 도축장은 모든 도축공정에서 중소규모 도축장에 비하여 적은 미생물수준을 보였으나, 봄 시료의 경우 최종세척 전(10⁴ CFU/㎠)과 냉장실(10³ CFU/㎠)의 미생물수에 있어서는 도축장 규모에 따른 차이를 보여주지 않았다. 최종 세척 공정의 시료 채취 부위에 따른 세척 효과를 보기 위한 실험에서 둔부 및 복부 부위에서는 세척 효과를 보였지만, 턱 부위에서는 오히려 세척 후 미생물 수가 최종세척 전 단계보다 증가하는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.278-285
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• 2016

Epidemiological studies have shown the association between transportation of live animals and the potential transmission of infectious disease between premises. This finding was also observed in the 2014-2015 foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak in Korea. Furthermore, slaughterhouses played a key role in the global spread of the FMD virus during the epidemic. In this context, in-depth knowledge of the structure of direct and indirect contact between slaughterhouses is paramount for understanding the dynamics of FMD transmission. But the social network structure of vehicle movements to slaughterhouses in Korea remains unclear. Hence, the aim of this study was to configure a social network topology of vehicle movements between slaughterhouses for a better understanding of how they are potentially connected, and to explore whether FMD outbreaks can be explained by the network properties constructed in the study. We created five monthly directed networks based on the frequency and chronology of on- and off-slaughterhouse vehicle movements. For the monthly network, a node represented a slaughterhouse, and an edge (or link) denoted vehicle movement between two slaughterhouses. Movement data were retrieved from the national Korean Animal Health Integrated System (KAHIS) database, which tracks the routes of individual vehicle movements using a global positioning system (GPS). Electronic registration of livestock movements has been a mandatory requirement since 2013 to ensure traceability of such movements. For each of the five studied networks, the network structures were characterized by small-world properties, with a short mean distance, a high clustering coefficient, and a short diameter. In addition, a strongly connected component was observed in each of the created networks, and this giant component included 94.4% to 100% of all network nodes. The characteristic hub-and-spoke type of structure was not identified. Such a structural vulnerability in the network suggests that once an infectious disease (such as FMD) is introduced in a random slaughterhouse within the cohesive component, it can spread to every other slaughterhouse in the component. From an epidemiological perspective, for disease management, empirically derived small-world networks could inform decision-makers on the higher potential for a large FMD epidemic within the livestock industry, and could provide insights into the rapid-transmission dynamics of the disease across long distances, despite a standstill of animal movements during the epidemic, given a single incursion of infection in any slaughterhouse in the country.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.117-126
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• 2001

To ensure the safety of domestic livestock products, the government made it obligatory to enforce the hazard analysis critical control point(HACCP) in all domestic slaughterhouses. Under the HACCP, most of the hazards generated in slaughterhouses are bio-hazards, especially pathogenic bacteria. In order to reduce to the pathogenic bacteria, critical control point (CCP) is established and controled in the process of slaughter. A study was carried out to measure the level of bacterial contamination of swine carcass in 6 slaughterhouses selected. As a result, the aerobic plate counts(cfu/$\textrm{cm}^2$) of all samples was $10^2$-10 in average, except slaughterhouse C. The level of the aerobic plate counts on the surface of lower loin in slaughterhouse C was $10^4$ and it was considered that slaughterhouse C should set the process of manual transport of carcass as the CCP. Escherichia coli level was the highest in middle line cut surface. Especially, E coli level of slaughterhouses C and D were about 6.5- and 3.0-fold higher than that of other 4 slaughterhouses. Thus, it was considered that the slaughterhouses C and D should set the process of the entrails treatment as the CCP. The air contamination was measured at two point in a slaughterhouse. The air contamination level was 4-13 times higher than that of the standard Japanese slaughterhouses.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.70-75
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• 2018

A pilot scale anaerobic fixed-bed with a reactor volume of $2.8m^3$ was built to treat slaughterhouse wastewater. Bamboo rings were chosen as support media mainly because of their cheaper price in underdeveloped countries. Even with their lower porosity and specific surface, the reactor performance showed a maximum 95% COD removal efficiency at an organic loading rate (OLR) of $1kg\;COD/m^3-d$ with its corresponding hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 7.5 d. At a higher OLR of $4.0kg\;COD/m^3-d$, the COD removal efficiency of 75% was achieved with an HRT of 2 d. No big difference in COD removal efficiencies was found between the reactors operated in both upflow and downflow modes. Their operational behavior and effluent characteristics were similar. The effluent COD/TKN ratio of 6.67 at an OLR of $4.0kg\;COD/m^3-d$ was only marginal acceptable range for a subsequent biological denitrification process. Otherwise carbon supplementation is required at a lower OLR.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.77-84
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• 2007

The present study was carried out to investigate the incidence of Campylobacter spp. from the chicken carcasses in slaughterhouse. A total of 9 strains were primarily isolated from enrichment culture and selective culture of the sample with candle and microaerophilic chamber method. Nine of Gram-negative, catalase-positive and oxidase-positive strains were further isolated by the determination of biochemical characteristics and finally identified as Campylobacter jejuni with HIP 400F and HIP l134R primers. Therefore, this PCR method proved to be useful as a routine diagnostic test for the Campylobacter detection and confirmation of C. jejuni and C. coli in naturally contaminated poultry samples.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제50권3호
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• pp.195-200
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• 2017

Objectives: Q fever is a zoonotic disease that occurs worldwide; however, little is known about its prevalence in South Korea. We attempted to determine the prevalence of Q fever seroreactivity among Korean slaughterhouse workers and the risk factors for seroreactivity according to the type of work. Methods: The study was conducted among 1503 workers at a total of 73 slaughterhouses and 62 residual-product disposal plants. During the study period, sites were visited and surveys were administered to employees involved in slaughterhouse work, and serological tests were performed on blood samples by indirect immunofluorescence assays. Serological samples were grouped by job classification into those of slaughter workers, residual-product handlers, inspectors and inspection assistants, and grading testers and testing assistants. Employee risk factors were analyzed according to the type of work. Results: Out of 1481 study subjects who provided a blood sample, 151 (10.2%) showed reactive antibodies. When these results were analyzed in accordance with the type of work, the result of slaughter workers (11.3%) was similar to the result of residual-product handlers (11.4%), and the result of inspectors and assistants (5.3%) was similar to the result of grading testers and assistants (5.4%). Among those who answered in the affirmative to the survey question, "Has there been frequent contact between cattle blood and your mouth while working?" the proportions were 13.4 and 4.6%, respectively, and this was identified as a risk factor that significantly varied between job categories among slaughterhouse workers. Conclusions: This study found a Q fever seroreactivity rate of 10.2% for slaughterhouse workers, who are known to be a high-risk population. Contact with cattle blood around the mouth while working was the differential risk factor between job categories among slaughterhouse workers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.600-607
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of substrate to inoculum ratio (S/I ratio) on the biochemical methane potential (BMP) and anaerobic biodegradability ($D_{deg}$) of different piggery slaughterhouse wastes, such as piggery blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content. These wastes were sampled from a piggery slaughterhouse located in Kimje, South Korea. Cumulative methane production curves for the wastes were obtained from the anaerobic batch fermentation having different S/I ratios of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5. BMP and anaerobic biodegradabilities ($D_{deg}$) of the wastes were calculated from cumulative methane production data for the tested conditions. At the lowest S/I ration of 0.1, BMPs of piggery blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content were determined to be 0.799, 0.848, and $1.076Nm^3kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$, respectively, which were above the theoretical methane potentials of 0.539, 0.644, and $0.517Nm^3kg^{-1}-VS_{added}$ for blood, intestine residue, and digestive tract content, respectively. However, BMPs obtained from the higher S/I ratios of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 were within the theoretical range for all three types of waste and were not significantly different for the different S/I ratios tested. Anaerobic biodegradabilities calculated from BMP data showed a similar tendency. These results imply that, for BMP assay in an anaerobic reactor, the S/I ratio of anaerobic reactor should be above 0.1 and the inoculum should be sufficiently stabilized to avoid further degradation during the assay.