• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.185-192
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• 1998

A role of endogenous somatostatin in pancreatic exocrine secretion induced by intrapancreatic cholinergic activation was studied in the isolated rat pancreas perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit solution. Intrapancreatic neurons were activated by electrical field stimulation (EFS: 15 V, 2 msec and 8 Hz). Pancreatic exocrine secretion, including volume flow and amylase output, and release of somatostatin from the pancreas were respectively determined. Somatostatin cells in the islet were stained with an immunoperoxidase method. EFS significantly increased pancreatic volume flow and amylase output, which were reduced by atropine by 59% and 78%, respectively. Intraarterial infusion of either pertussis toxin or a somatostatin antagonist resulted in a further increase in the EFS-evoked pancreatic secretion. EFS also further elevated exocrine secretion in the pancreas treated with cysteamine, which was completely restored by intraarterial infusion of somatostatin. EFS significantly increased not only the number of immunoreactive somatostatin cells in the islet but also the concentration of immunoreactive somatostatin in portal effluent. It is concluded from the above results that intrapancreatic cholinergic activation elevates pancreatic exocrine secretion as well as release of endogenous somatostatin. Endogenous somatostatin exerts an inhibitory influence on exocrine secretion induced by intrapancreatic cholinergic activation via the islet-acinar portal system in the isolated pancreas of the rat.

• Journal of Radiopharmaceuticals and Molecular Probes
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.127-131
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• 2021

Neuroendocrine tumor is one of popular diseases, and somatostatin receptor antagonists have been considered as promising agents for neuroendocrine tumors. Imaging of somatostatin receptor is useful approach on the diagnosis and therapy of neuroendocrine tumors. Thus, several radiolabeled somatostatin derivatives have been developed by scientists, and used for patients with neuroendocrine tumors. In particular, some radiopharmaceuticals for neuroendocrine tumors were approved by FDA. In this highlight review, the development of important radiolabeled somatostatin derivatives is described.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.324-328
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• 1997

The objectives of this study were to measure growth rate and endocrine changes and to improve milk production by somatostatin passive immunization in rat. Experimental animals were 10 weeks old 20 Sprague-Dawley rats. The rats were randomly assigned each 10 in control (normal sheep serum injected: NSS) and treatment (anti-somatostatin injected), and pre-fed for 2 weeks. Anti-somatostatin was purified from serum of 1 year old sheep after somatostatin active immunization, and was injected daily to rats, and growth rate and milk yield were measured for 14 days. Growth rate of litters was 2.15 g/d and 2.32 g/d in NSS and anti-somatostatin injected, respectively. Milk production was increased 6.2% in day 8 and 6.5% in day 12 by anti-somatostatin injection. Plasma growth hormone, insulin, glucose, and urea-N were increased, but non-esterified fatty acid was decreased by anti-somatostatin injection. In summary, passive immunization of somatostatin improved growth rate of litters and milk production in rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.9-13
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• 1990

연산오골계의 위장관에 존재하는 somatostatin cell의 분포상태와 출현빈도를 알아보기 위해 면역조직화학적 방법을 이용하여 광학현미경적으로 관찰하였던 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. Somatostatin cell은 유문부에 밀집하여 출현하였으며, 그 다음으로 선위의 복합선에서 다수가 관찰되었다. 그리고 십이지장에는 소수가, 공장과 근위에는 드물게 분포하였으며, 회장 맹장 및 직장에서는 관찰되지 않았다. 또한 somatostatin cell은 부위에 따라 그 분포양상의 차이가 인정되었다.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.11-27
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• 1999

Peptide imaging is a new diagnostic modality in nuclear medicine. $^{111}In$-pentetreotide ($Octreoscan^R$) is the first commercially available peptide radiopharmaceutical. This review article presents the results of previous studies using $^{111}In$-pentetreotide for several disease states, including neuroendocrine tumors, breast cancer and malignant lymphoma. The use of hand-held probe during surgery and the preliminary results of radiotherapy using radiolabeled somatostatin analogues are also reviewed. It can be concluded that somatostatin receptor scintigraphy is a promising diagnostic tool for localizing primary tumors that express receptors for somatostatin, staging secondary spread of tumor tissue, following up after therapy and identifying patients who may benefit from therapy with unlabelled or radiolabeled octreotide. The somatostatin receptor imaging will stimulate the development of new radiopharmaceuticals for other receptors and enhance the therapeutic use of radiolabeled peptides.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.337-340
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• 1996

The role of endogenous somatostatin on lactation in rats was examined by passive immuno-neutralization of Wistar rats. In one study, the rats were given either immunoglobulin raised in sheep against somatostatin, or non-specific sheep immunoglobulins by daily s.c. injection from parturition through the first two weeks of lactation. The growth of the pups was recorded by weighting every second day, and the milk yield calculated from the pup weight and weight gain. Immunoneutralization of maternal somatostatin during pregnancy had a slight effect (p < 0.05) on the mean birth weight of the pups but no subsequent effect on postnatal growth rate of the pups or milk yield ($25.32{\pm}0.88g/day$) compared with young control rats given normal sheep serum ($25.55{\pm}1.04g/day$). Similarly, passive immunization against somatostatin during lactation ($21.96{\pm}1.57g/day$) also did not affect milk yields compared with controls ($24.85{\pm}1.03g/day$). These data do not support a significant role for endogenous somatostatin in regulating milk production in lactating rats.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.239-245
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• 1998

The distributions and relative frequencies of insulin-, glucagon-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells in the pancreas of the duck(Anas platyrhynchos platyrhyncos, Linne) were investigated immunohistochemically on 23 days of incubation, at hatching, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, 7 weeks, 9 weeks, 10 weeks, and 32 weeks after hatching. In the duck pancreas on 23 days of incubation and at hatching, mammalian type islets(mixed type) were only observed, thereafter three type's islets(mamalian, A and B type's islets) were identified. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were detected in central region of the islets, while glucagon- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were detected in marginal region of light(B type) or mammalian type islets, and in central region of dark islets(A type). Insulin-, and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were also detected in the exocrine regions. In this region the insulin-immunoreactive cells were detected from 23 days of incubation to 6 weeks, however not detected after 7 weeks. At hatching the relative numbers of somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were more frequent than those of other groups, and then decreased with ages.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.25-29
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• 2009

The changes on the regional distributions and frequencies of somatostatin-immunoreactive (IR) cells in the fundus and pylorus of the stomach of osteoporotic Sprague-Dawley rats induced by ovariectomy were studied by immunohistochemical methods. The experimental animals were divided into two groups, one for non-ovariectomized group (Sham) and the other for ovariectomized group (OVX). Samples were collected from the fundus and pylorus regions at the 10 th week after ovariectomy or sham-operation. Somatostatin-IR cells were observed in both regions of the stomach regardless of ovariectomy. Most of these IR cells in the mucosa of the fundus or pylorus were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open type cell) while cells found in the gastric gland regions were round in shape (close type cell). Significantly lower number (P<0.01) of somatostatin-IR cells were detected in OVX as compared with Sham in the fundus and pylorus. In the present study, the density of somatostatin in the stomach was markedly decreased. Therefore, these changes in density of somatostatin-IR cells detected in this study may support the speculation that the development of gastrointestinal symptoms in osteoporosis such as impairments of calcium and some lipids, frequently encountered in patients with postmenopausal osteoporosis because the changes in gastrointestinal endocrine density would reflect the change in the capacity of producing these hormones and regulating gut motility and digestion.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

The relative frequency and distribution of occurrence of immunoreactive cells in the proventriculus, diverticulum, cardia, fundus and pylorus of the stomach of pigs were investigated by PAP method using specific antisera against BCG, Gas/CCK, 5-HT, somatostatin, glucagon, BPP, motilin and insulin. In the diverticulum and cardia, BCG-, 5-HT-, somatostatin- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were detected. In the fundus, BCG-, 5-HT- and somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were also found. In the pylorus, BCG-, Gas/CCK-, 5-HT-, somatostatin- and glucagon-immunoreactive cells were observed. However, no BPP-, motilin- and insulin-immunoreactive cells were found in the stomach epithelium of the pigs. These results showed that the occurrence of the endocrine cells confirmed in the diverticulum as the cardia and suggest that the function of diverticulum may be similar to that of cardia in the pigs.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.251-259
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• 1988

Regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells in ten portions of the gastrointestinal tract of the Korean native cattle were observed by immunocytochemical methods using specific antisera against chromogranin, serotonin, somatostatin, glucagon, bovine pancreatic polypeptide(BPP), motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide(GIP), neurotensin, secretin, gastrin and substance P. The results observed are summarized as follows: In the abomasum, chromogranin-, serotonin-, somatostatin-, motilin-, glucagon-, gastrin-, and substance P-immunoreactive cells were found. Chromogranin-and serotonin-immunoreactive cells were more numerous in the fundic region than pyloric region. Somatostatin- and gastrinimmunoreactive cells were numerous in the pyloric region than in the fundic region. In the small intestine, chromogranin-, serotonin-, somatostatin-, glucagon-, BPP-, motilin-, gastrin-, GIP-, neurotensin-, secretin-, and substance P-immunoreactive cells were detected. Chromogranin-, somatostatin-, GIP- and secretin-immunoreactive cells were most numerous in the duodenum, while BPP-, motilin-, glucagon-, neurotensin- and substance P-immunoreactive cells were rarely seen in the small intestine. In the large intestine, chromogranin-, serotonin- and BPP-immunoreactive cells were widely distributed and most numerous in the rectum. Somatostatin-, glucagon- and substance P-immunoreactive cells were rarely seen in the large intestine.