• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.126-131
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• 2010

In order to maximize the growth of Bifidobacterium lactis BL 740 and soy isoflavone agycones production, we investigated the optimization of a culture medium containing soy hypocotyls, which are the byproducts of the soy manufacturing process, and soy proteins. The ingredients of the medium containing soy materials (S-medium) were selected by fractional factorial design (FFD) and central composite design (CCD) within a desirable range. The FFD was applied by six factors: glucose, cellobiose, fructooligosaccharide, soy peptone, soy protein, and soy hypocotyl. Soy protein, soy peptone, and soy hypocotyl were found to be significant factors from the result of FFD for both the growth of B. lactis BL 740 and aglycone production. The CCD was then applied with three variables found from FFD at five levels each and the optimum values were determined for the three variables: soy peptone, soy protein, and soy hypocotyl. In the case of the growth of B. lactics BL740, the proposed optimal media contained 12.73 g/L of soy protein, 29.55 g/L of soy peptone, and 130.67 g/L of soy hypocotyl. To produce isoflavone aglycones, optimized media was composed of 2.06 g/L, soy protein, 1.25 g/L of soy peptone, and 60.02 g/L of soy hypocotyl.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.226-232
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• 2011

Soy sprouts cultured in a lab with five soybean cultivars and three commercial soy sprouts purchased in a market were investigated to compare the mineral and vitamine contents. In case of minerals, K, Ca, Mg, and Na were found as major minerals and a small quantity of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu was also analyzed in soy sprout. The all minerals were distributed in the cotyledon and the hypocotyl but their concentration orders were different between in cotyledon and in hypocotyl. After boiling, much of minerals eluted in water, the pattern of release of the minerals from the soy sprout to water was similar in all soy sprouts. The vitamin C was concentrated a great amount in hypocotyl than in cotyledon whereas vitamin B was found in the cotyledon generally. And their contents were reduced after boiling owing to heat-mediated degrading. The vitamin C and B contents were different according to cultivars, which shows chemical composition of soybean seed was important to soy sprout characters. The present results provide a basis for attempt to improve seed quality in soybean breeding program for soy sprout.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.65 no.4
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• pp.447-451
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• 2022

Phytoestrogenic S-equol production in human gut exclusively depends on the biotransformation of daidzein to dihydrodaidzein (DHD). With a growing demand for the DHD enriched biomaterials, the commercial soybean hypocotyl extract (SHE) was chosen as a substrate for the microbial DHD production by human gut bacterium MRG-1, anaerobic DHD producer. To optimize the production of DHD, anaerobic fermentation conditions, including sterilization time, growth stage of inoculum, and growth media, were investigated. Maximum DHD production (1.2 g/L) was achieved after 48 h incubation when 1% (w/v) of SHE in the 20-min-sterilized Gifu Anaeboic Medium media was inoculated with OD₆₀₀ 0.3-0.4 of MRG-1. This is the first report that crude soy biomaterial, instead of pure compounds, such as daidzin and daidzein, is utilized for the production of the DHD enriched biomaterial.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.29-34
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• 2011

Soy sprout is a traditional food in Korea. It has been a source of protein, lipid and vitamin etc. as cooked and fresh vegetable supplying throughout the year. Soy sprouts of five soybean cultivars were analyzed fatty acid composition and dietary fiber contents. The compositional analysis confirmed that soy sprout contained five major fatty acids(16:0 palmitic, 18:0 stearic, 18:1 oleic, 18:2 linoleic and 18:3 linolenic). Fatty acid levels in soy sprout were not significant statistically between fresh and boiled soy sprout, the result support a conclusion that boiling treatment could not affect the fatty acid composition in soy sprouts. Fatty acid levels in whole and cotyledon part of soy sprout were not changed during sprout production, whereas the content in hypocotyl increased by approximately 13.2% of total unsaturated fatty acid compared to whole soy sprout. In case of dietary fiber, boiled soy sprouts showed higher contents than in fresh soy sprouts. These changes were associated with an increase in the mean level of insoluble dietary fiber expecially. Fatty acid levels and dietary fiber contents varied with soybean cultivars suggesting chemical composition of soybean seed was important to soy sprout characters.

• Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.57-62
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• 2008

Isoflavone content in various parts of six soybean cultivars and soybean sprout during germination was analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The parts analyzed were seed coat, cotyledon, and axis for seeds and whole sprout, root, hypocotyl, and cotyledon for sprout. Two cultivars, Aga3 which is known to have the smallest seed size and the highest isoflavone content among the Korean soybean cultivars and Pungsannamulkong which is the most widely being used as soy-sprout, were selected for sampling from 1 to 10 days after germination. At the same weight, the order of isoflavone content increased from seed coat to cotyledon to axis. The highest total isoflavone(isoflavone$\times$dry weight) content was observed in the cotyledon and the lowest in the seed coat. The cotyledon of the Aga3 variety had the highest total isoflavone content and the lowest was measured in the Pungsannamulkong variety. The highest total isoflavone content, $10,788{\mu}g/g$, was observed in whole sprouts(cotyledon+hypocotyl+root) on day 7 for Aga3. After day 7, there was a decreasing trend in isoflavone content as the germination period increased. Total isoflavone content in the cotyledon of Aga3 significantly increased after seed germination, whereas the isoflavone content in the cotyledon of Pungsannamulkong decreased. However, total isoflavone content in the root of both varieties increased while isoflavone content in the hypocotyls decreased after seed germination.

• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.26
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• pp.71-79
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• 2008

It is known that the content of asparagine, an excellent detoxifying substance of alcohols in human body, is the highest in the roots of soy-sprout. At the same time, it is inferred that soy-sprouts producing more roots are better for detoxifying. In this experiment, the effects of room temperatures on number of watering per day, and duration of soy-sprout culture were carefully investigated. Some of the results obtained are as follows; 1. The yield rate of soy-sprouts for Agakong and Pungsannamulkong was continuously increased up to 9 days. It was higher in room temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ than in $20^{\circ}C$ and was the highest at 8th day of culture with 5 times of watering per day. 2. The asparagine content in soy-sprouts of Agakong and Pungsannamulkong was the highest in cotyledon and the lowest in roots. This rate was higher in the room temperature of $20^{\circ}C$ than in $30^{\circ}C$. 3. The highest asparagine content of soy-sprout of Agakong was 18.9%, obtained in the room temperature of $30^{\circ}C$, cultivated for 8 days with 5 times of watering per day. 4. The highest asparagine content of Pungsannamulkong was 18.8%, obtained in hypocotyl cultivated in the room temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ for 8 days with the number of 2 times watering per day. 5. When an cultivation apparatus of 5 liters volume was used, the optimum seed amount for the highest yield rate was 300g for Agakong and 500g for Pungsannamulkong. At the same time, the number of lateral roots showed increasing tendency with more amounts of soybean seeds used.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.1235-1240
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to investigate the application of lipoxygenase(LOX)-deficient soybean to food processing by evaluation of processing and sensory characteristics. LOX activity of some processed products of soybean was decreased as the order of whole soy flour, defatted flour, isolated protein. Particularly the decrement of LOX activity of Hwangkeumkong having all L-1, L-2 and L-3 was so high in defatting and isolation of protein. LOX activities of cotyledon of Jinpumkong sprouts were so high. When soy milks were prepared with LOX-deficient soybeans, its beany flavor was evaluated to be weaker than that of Hwangkeumkong. And soybean sprout of Jinpumkong 2 showed less beany flavor but hypocotyl elongation was poor. The beany flavor of ice cream prepared with defatted flour of Jinpumkong 2 didn't make a significant difference from that of ice cream made with defatted milk powder. We suggest that LOX-deficient soybean may have on relatively good oganoleptic properties of processed foods, so it takes advantage of food processing.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.spc1
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• pp.112-117
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• 2005

This study was conducted to see the feasibility of breeding for sprout soybean cultivar with minimum benny flavor using lipoxygenase-less lines. Lipoxygenase-less cultivar Jinpumkong2 was crossed by lipoxygenase containing Gwangankong, Sebaeknamulkong, and Pureunkong as paternal parent and 24 lipoxygenase-less lines derived from those 3 combinations were selected and those lines were evaluated with their parental cultivars. Germination rate showed no difference between lipoxygenase-less lines and their parental cultivars, however, rates of normal sprout of those and Jinpumkong2 were 63 and $56\%$, and were lower than that of paternal parents. Hypocotyl length of those was same as Jinpumkong2, however, shorter than paternal parents. Texture characteristics including hardness, cutting force and mastication of 96 hour-cultured sprout of lipoxygenase-less lines showed higher value than that of their parental cultivars. Lipoxtgenase isozyme was not detected in the sprout cotyledon of lipoxygenase-less lines, however it was observed in the sprout hypocotyl of all the used genotypes. Though lipoxygenase activity in the seed of lipoxygenase-less lines was lower than that of Jinpumkong2(0.477, ${Delta}A$ 234 nm min-1 mg meal-1),2 lines revealed more than 0.5 value. Lipoxygenase-activity of 2 day-cultured sprout(both cotyledon and hypocotyl) was the highest, decreased in 3 days after culture and re-increased thereafter. Several lipoxygenase-less lines with lower lipoxygenase activity of sprout than Jinpumkong2 were selected and this suggested the possibility of breeding lines for soy-sprout with low benny flavor.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 2016

Soyasaponin I, II, III and V contents were investigated in seed, cotyledons and sprouts of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merill) subjected to germination over five days. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometric (HPLC-MS/MS) method was used to evaluate the content of soyasaponins. Soyasaponins contents were different according to the varieties. Germination of soybeans dramatically increased soyasaponin contents in soybean sprouts in a time-dependent manner. Cotyledons had a higher contents of soyasaponins compared to dried seed (p<0.05). After five days of germination, Soyasaponin I and II increased 10 times higher after germination. Soyasaponin I and II are major metabolites in cotyledons and hypocotyls. Soyasaponin III and V were also detected in seed and increased depended on the germination stage. Soyasaponin V was at its highest levels in the hypocotyl, almost 7 times higher than the initial content in soybean seeds. Therefore, the germination of soybean sprouts significantly increased soyasaponin content.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.22-31
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• 2018

Isoflavone itself is less available in the body without the aid of intestinal bacteria. In this study, we searched for isoflavone-transforming bacteria from human fecal specimens (n = 14) using differential selection media. Isoflavone-transforming activity as the production of dihydrogenistein and dihydrodaidzein was assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography and we found Lactobacillus rhamnosus, named L. rhamnosus vitaP1, through 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Extract from Pueraria lobata (EPL) and soy hypocotyl extract were fermented with L. rhamnosus vitaP1 for 24 and 48 h at $37^{\circ}C$. Fermented EPL (FEPL) showed enhanced anti-tyrosinase activity and antioxidant capacities, important suppressors of the pigmentation process, compared with that of EPL (p < 0.05). At up to $500{\mu}g/ml$ of FEPL, there were no significant cell cytotoxicity and proliferation on B16-F10 melanoma cells. FEPL ($100{\mu}g/ml$) could highly suppress the content of melanin and melanosome formation in B16-F10 cells. In summary, Lactobacillus rhamnosus vitaP1 was found to be able to biotransform isoflavones in EPL. FEPL showed augmented anti-melanogenic potential.