• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1299-1307
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• 2017

The quality characteristics of three non-genetically modified (GM) LRS soybean cultivars free of LOX 1, 2 and 3, such as Jinyang, Hayoung and Daebok, were compared to the characteristics of Taekwang, a soybean with LOX 1, 2 and 3 and general contents of raffinose and stachyose. Taekwang was used as a control soybean. The weights of 100 for Taekwang and Hayoung soybeans were significantly higher than those of the other samples. The crude-protein contents of the Jinyang and Hayoung soybeans were significantly higher than the crude-protein content of the Taekwang soybeans. Similar tofu yields were observed in the Taekwang, Hayoung and Daebok soybeans. The highest tofu yield was observed in the Hayoung soybeans. The isoflavone contents of the soybeans and tofu were 1.4-1.6 times and 1.8-3.4 times higher than the contents of the control soybeans, respectively. The total phenol contents of the Hayoung and Daebok soybeans were significantly higher than the contents of the control soybeans. Additionally, the total phenol and flavonoid contents were significantly higher in the tofu made from the LRS cultivars than in the tofu made from the control cultivar. The antioxidant activities of the Taekwang soybeans were higher than the antioxidant activities of the LRS-cultivar soybeans. However, the antioxidant activities of tofu made from the LRS cultivars were significantly higher than the antioxidant activities of tofu made from the control cultivar. The results suggested that the soybeans of the LRS cultivars were suitable for tofu products. The Hayoung cultivar may be the most suitable due to its higher crude protein and isoflavone contents and its significant antioxidant activity.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.632-638
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• 2023

A soybean cultivar with a green seed coat and cotyledon contains high levels of lutein, which is beneficial for eye health. Plus, antinutritional components such as lipoxygenase, Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (KTI), lectin and stachyose exist in the mature seed. The genetic elimination of these antinutritional factors is a necessary step in green soybean breeding. This research was conducted to improve a new green soybean line with the green cotyledon and tetra null genotype (lox1lox2lox3tilers2) in terms of lipoxygenase, KTI, lectin and stachyose. We used five germplasms to develop a breeding population. A total of 69 F₂ seeds were obtained from the cross of parent 1 and parent 2, and from those, 21 F₂ seeds were selected that had the green seed coat color, and which were free of lectin protein. Next, four F₂ plants with the green seed coat and tetra null genotype were selected from the breeding population derived from four genotypes. The absence of lipoxygenase, KTI and lectin proteins was confirmed in the F₅ strain. The breeding line has a green seed coat, green cotyledon and white hilum color. The 100-seed weight and stachyose content for the breeding line were 30.7 g and 2.40 g/kg, respectively. The line selected in this study could be used as a cultivar or parent to improve colored soybean cultivars through the removal of antinutritional components such as lip- oxygenase, KTI, lectin and stachyose.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.419-426
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• 2019

Background: This study aimed to identify antioxidant compounds from the seeds of Dolichos lablab L. by bioassay-guided isolation and recrystallization. Methods and Results: The water layer of D. lablab L. seed extract inhibits intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) expressing the 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCF-DA), Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase genes, as determined by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR). Two compounds were purified from the water layer of the seeds of D. lablab L. using column chromatography and prep-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electrospray Ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS), their chemical structures were identified as 5-[(2-acetyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-indazol-1-yl)carbonyl]-4,5-dihydro-3H-furan-2-one (C₁₄H₁₄N₂O₄) and stachyose. Conclusions: Two active antioxidant compounds were purified from the seed extract of D. lablab L. seed extract and the structures of these compounds were identified as C₁₄H₁₄O₄N₂ and stachyose.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.133-137
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• 1997

Bean cooking water was used as a raw material for the production of soy-oligosaccharides. To maximize the yield of the physiologically functional oligosaccharides such as raffinose and stachyose, a fermentation process was introduced to reduce sucrose content. Yeast strains utilizing sucrose, but scarcely affecting the raffinose and stachyose for the growth were initially selected to reduce the sucrose content in the bean cooking water. The selected strains were Saccharomyces cerevisiae ATCC 9763, S. cerevisiae KCTC 7039 and Hansenula anomala KFRI 626. Bean cooking water with 2% inoculation volume of these yeasts was fermented until 48 hrs, respectively. The results of sugar analysis according to the fermentation time showed, bean cooking water treated with S. cerevisiae KCTC 7039 and H. anomala KFRI 626 used almost sucrose without decreasing stachyose for the growth.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-84
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• 1988

${\alpha}$-Galactosidase from Aspergillus niger as a possible enzyme for removal of flatulence factors in soybean foods was produced the highest in 120 hours in either Czapeck-Dox liquid medium or wheat bran solid medium. The most efficient carbon and nitrogen sources in Czapeck-Dox medium were raffinose and sodium nitrate, respectively, whereas the addition of the sources showed negative effects in wheat bran. pH optima for enzyme activity and stability were 4.0-5.0 and 3.5-6.5, respectively, and optimum temperature for stability was $40-50^{\circ}C$. Upon reaction on p-nitrophenyl-${\alpha}$-D-galactoside, Michaelis constant was 0.42 mM and maximum velocity was 152 ${\mu}moles$ substrate/minute/kg solid medium. Mercuric chloride acted as a strong noncompetitive inhibitor and p-chloromercuribenzoate, even in low concentration, acted as a competitive inhibitor. Crude ${\alpha}$-galactosidase hydrolyzed raffinose and stachyose completely, giving spots of monosaccharides only on thin-layer chromatogram.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.450-457
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• 1986

For the removal of raffinose and stachyose related to flatulence in soybean, ${\alpha}-Galactosidase$ activity of six commercial enzyme preparations was compared and their enzymatic characteristics were investigated. Among the tested enzymes, one product from Aspergillus niger was shown to be the most potent in ${\alpha}-Galactosidase$ activity. The enzyme characteristics of the selected preparation were shown to be pH 4.0-4.5 for optimum activity, pH 4-5 for optimum stability and $45^{\circ}C$ for optimum activity. Upon reaction on a synthetic substrate, $p-nitrophenyl-{\alpha}-D-galactoside$, Michaelis constant was 2.08 mM and maximum velocity was 435 micromoles of substrate/minute/g enzyme preparation. The enzyme was proved to be essential for SH group for its activity and capable of hydrolyzing raffinose, sucrose and $p-nitrophenyl-{\alpha}-D-galactoside$ almost completely. Thin-layer chromatographic analysis exhibited that the enzyme treatments of raffinose and stachyose were resulted to produce only monosaccharides in 2 hours of hydrolysis. It was, therefore, assumed that the flatulence factor in soybean foods can be easily removed by the use of enzymes showing ${\alpha}-Galactosidase$ activity.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.249-257
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• 1991

To elucidate enzymatic properties of ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ (EC 3, 2, 1, 22) from germinated soybean, changes in the enzyme activities and oligosaccharide contents during germination of soybean were determined. ${\alpha}-Galactosidase$ from germinated soybean was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. Their chemical and enzymatic properties was investigated. ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ activity of sobeam was maximized when it was germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 120 hour. Raffinose and stachyose in soybean were decomposed completely after 96 hours and 120 hours of germination, respectively. Soybean ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ was purified by 6.6 fold by ammonium sulfate fractionation, ion exchange chromatography on DEAE-Cellulose and Sephadex A-50, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-150. Its specific activity was 825 Units/mg protein and the yield was 2.5% of the total activity of crude extracts. The purified ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ of soybean was found to be homogeneous by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by HPLC. Isoelectric point of soybean ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ was determined analytical isoelectric focusing to be pH 4.8. The soybean ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ was monomeric and its molecular weight was estimated to be 30,000 by SDS-PAGE. The optimal temperature and pH for the soybeam ${\alpha}-galactosidase$ activity were $40^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0 and 75% of its activity was lost by heating at $60^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. The enzyme was appeared to have higher affinity to raffinose than to stachyose. The Km value of soybean enzyme was 5.3 mM for ${\rho}-nitrophenyl-{\alpha}-D-galactopyranoside$ and the activation energy on PNPG was calculated to be 13.02 Kcal per mole.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.382-387
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• 1986

The effect of germination of soybeans on chemical and sensory qualities of soymilk were investigated. The soybeans were soaked and germinated at $25^{\circ}C$ for 5 days prior to grinding. The result showed that a rapid initial decrease in the contents of raffinose and stachyose and a slight increase in protein yield were found after 2 days of germination. Undesirable flavor such as beany and grassy was minimum and total acceptability was maximum for the soymilk prepared from soybeans germinated for two days. Changes in roasted nutty odor and taste were almost identical to the changes of total acceptability during-five day germination.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.332-338
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• 2002

A strain YB-4 producing the extracellular $\alpha$-galactosidase was isolated from soil, and has been identified as Streptomyces sp. on the basis of its cultural, morphological and physiological properties. The partially purified $\alpha$-galactosidase was most active on paranitrophenyl-$\alpha$-D-galactopyranoside at pH 6.0 and 6$0^{\circ}C$. The enzyme retained 90% of its maximum activity between pH 4.0 and pH 10.0 after pre-incubation for 1 h. The enzyme was able to hydrolyze oligomeric substrates such as melibiose, raffinose and stachyose to liberate galactose residue, indicating that the $\alpha$-galactosidase of Steptomyces sp. YB-4 hydrolyzed $\alpha$-1,6 linkage.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.242-250
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• 2013

The autophagy-lysosomal pathway is an important protein degradation system, and its dysfunction has been implicated in a number of neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson's disease. Raphani Semen, one of the herbs of Yeoldahanso-tang (YH), has neuroprotective effects via the autophagy pathway. The activity-guided method was used to isolate and identify the components of Raphani Semen. In this experiment, the total extract of Raphani Semen was partitioned to n-butanol, methylene chloride, and water fractions. Flow cytometry data showed that only the water fraction showed autophagy-inducing activity in vitro. Compounds 1 and 2 were isolated from this water fraction by preparative HPLC separation. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were identified as stachyose and raffinose, respectively, by the analysis of various spectral data ($^1H$ NMR, $^{13}C$ NMR, and MS) and comparisons with standard stachyose and raffinose. Of these two compounds, raffinose showed autophagy-inducing activity in PC12 cells through the mTOR pathway.