• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.57-75
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• 2024

Objectives : The objective of this paper is to study the literature on stagnation pattern, to further determine reasoning for the emphasis on Liver-qi stagnation out of all the Five Zang stagnation patterns. Methods : Stagnation patterns in literature from the Xian-Qin/Liang-Han period, Sui-Tang-Song period, Jin-Yuan period and Ming-Qing period were studied and analyzed. Results & Conclusions : Based on chronological analysis on discussions of stagnation pattern, the Five stagnation in the Neijing were related to the excessiveness and deficiency of the Five circuits. After the discussions of the Four Masters of the Jin-Yuan period, WangAndao explained that stagnation could happen without relation to external contraction in his discussion of Benqiziyubing. Yutuan focused on the inter-relationship between the six stagnation patterns, emphasizing qi stagnation, while Sunyikui discussed stagnation pattern within the framework of the Five Zang stagnation. Zhaoxianke argued for the first time that one of the treatment methods of Wood stagnation could replace the five treatment methods, focusing on Wood stagnation which could be the clue to stagnation pattern. Of current Zangfu diagnostic terminology, the influential Liver qi stagnation remains to this day.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.121-133
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the meanings and characteristic of the stagnation syndrome, a distinctive clinical syndrome in traditional Korean medicine (KM). Methods: The major ancient Oriental medicine literature, including Huangdi neijing (黃帝內經), Danxixinfa (丹溪心法), and Jingyuequanshu (景岳全書) were examined to identify the semantic change of the stagnation syndrome (鬱證). Also, recently published articles about the stagnation syndrome were searched from databases including MEDLINE, CENTRAL, KMBASE, KISS, NDSL, and OASIS. Results: The term of stagnation was originally used to describe not flowing and clogged situations, and the stagnation syndrome appeared as an independent syndrome in Danxixinfa. As the etiology became more sophisticated over time, emotional factors were mentioned for one of the causes of the stagnation syndrome. However, the major causes and symptoms of the stagnation syndrome were somatic factors. Various articles about stagnation were searched, and most of them used "stagnation" as the KM syndrome subtype of disease, some of them referred to the "stagnation syndrome" as an independent syndrome. The recently defined stagnation syndrome commonly shows distinctive symptoms of chest stuffiness, and an obstructing sensation in the throat. Conclusions: The semantic changes and characteristics of the stagnation syndrome were examined through searching ancient and modern literature. The meaning of the stagnation syndrome has evolved over time, and at its center, there are somatic and mental symptoms characterized by stagnation, distinguished from the depressive disorder.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 2016

The hypersonic flow on the stagnation streamline of a blunt body is analyzed with quasi one-dimensional (1-D) Navier-Stokes equations approximated by adopting the local similarity to the two-dimensional (2-D)/axisymmetric Navier-Stokes equations. The governing equations are solved using the implicit finite volume method. The computational domain is confined from the stagnation point to the shock wave, and the shock fitting method is used to find the shock position. We propose a boundary condition at the shock, which employs the shock wave angle in the vicinity of the stagnation streamline using the shock shape correlation. As a result of numerical computation conducted for the hypersonic flow over a sphere, the proposed boundary condition is shown to improve the accuracy of the prediction of the shock standoff distance. The quasi 1-D Navier-Stokes code is efficient in computing time and is reliable for the flow analysis along the stagnation streamline and the prediction of heat flux at the stagnation point in the hypersonic blunt body flow.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.488-499
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• 2010

Objective : This study was designed to investigate the correlation between Qi movement stagnation condition, stress level and xerostomia in halitosis patients. Methods : Ninety-nine halitosis patients visiting the Halitosis Clinic in the hospital of Oriental medicine, Kyung Hee University from January, 2010 to May, 2010 were recruited. The subjects were assessed on their stress levels(based on the Stress Response Inventory), xerostomia symptoms(based on the 8-item Visual Analogue Scale xerostomia questionnaire), and Qi movement stagnation(氣鬱) condition(one of the subcategories in the Qi, blood and water pattern identification(氣血水辨證)). Salivary functions were evaluated using the unstimulated whole salivary flow rate measurements. Results : Compared to the non-Qi movement stagnation group(Qi movement stagnation pattern identification score < 30), the confirmed Qi movement stagnation group(Qi movement stagnation pattern identification score $\geqq$ 30) showed higher levels of xerostomia and stress. In the regression analysis, the Qi movement stagnation condition and stress levels showed a significant correlation. Furthermore, the Qi movement stagnation condition and stress levels each displayed significant correlations with xerostomia. Conclusions : The results of this study suggest that stress and Qi movement stagnation condition contribute to xerostomia symptoms in halitosis patients. Considering the correlation found between the Qi movement stagnation and stress, this study suggests a novel methodology in treating xerostomia, halitosis, and other stress-related disorders through the Qi movement stagnation-related approach.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.215-231
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• 1996

In the literatual study on the hiccup, the results were as follows; 1. Hiccup is usually named as Hae yek, Hyel yek, Yel yek. 2. The cause of hiccup are stomach cold, rising of stomach fire, stagnation of vital energy and stagnation of phlegm, yang deficiency of spleen and kideny, deficiency of stomach-yin, or mental disorder due to the stagnation of phlegm, dyspepsia, depressed vital energy. 3. The treatment of hiccup are dispel cold by warming the middle warmer due to stomach cold, expel the heat-evil to loose hollow-organ due to rising up of stomach yin, regulate vital energy and dissipate phlegm due to stagnation of vital energy and stagnation of phlegm, warm and recuperate both of spleen and kidney due to spleen and kidney yang deficiency, nourish the stomach to promote the production of body fluid due to deficiency of stomach yin. 4. The prescription of hiccup are frequently used Gamchogungangtang Gangwhalbujatang Leejungtang Guelpigungang-tang due to stomach cold, Sosihotang Daesihotang Sojaganggitang due to rising up of stomach fire, Sunbokdaejasuktang due to stagnation of vital energy an dstagnation of phlegm, Bojungikgitang Goakhwanganwyisan Samsoeum due to spleen and kidney yang deficiency, Jaeumganghawtang Daebohoan due to deficiency of stomach yin, Hwanglyenjuklyetang Leejintang Guelpitang due to the stagnation of phlegm, Daewhajungeum due to dyspepsia, Mokhwangjogisan due to depressed vital energy.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
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• 2007.05b
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• pp.2154-2159
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• 2007

The potential of using a double-faced wall stagnation flow burner in mass production of carbon nanotubes was evaluated experimentally and computationally. With nitrogen-diluted premixed ethylene-air flames established on the Nickel-coated stainless steel double-faced wall, the propensities of carbon nanotube formation were experimentally determined using SEM and FE-TEM images and Raman spectroscopy, while the flame structure was computationally predicted using a 3-dimensional CFD code with a reduced reaction mechanism. The uniformity and yields of synthesized carbon nanotubes were evaluated in terms of the flame stretch rates. Results show substantial increase of area on the wall surface where uniform carbon nanotubes are synthesized with using the double-faced wall stagnation flow burner due to enhanced uniformity of temperature distribution along the wall surface and support the potential of using a double-faced wall stagnation flow burner in mass production of carbon nanotubes.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.1-16
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• 2016

Behaviors of surges appearing near the stall stagnation boundaries in various fashions in systems of a single-stage compressor and flow-path systems were studied analytically and were tried to put to order. Deep surges, which enclose the stall point in the pressure-mass flow plane, tend to have either near-resonant surge frequencies or subharmonic ones. The subharmonic surge is a multiple-loop one containing, for example, in a (1/2) subharmonic one, a deep surge loop and a mild surge loop, the latter of which does not enclose the stall point, staying only within the stalled zone. Both loops have nearly equal time periods, respectively, resulting in a (1/2) subharmonic surge frequency as a whole. The subharmonic surges are found to appear in a narrow zone neighboring the stall stagnation boundary. In other words, they tend to appear in the final stage of the stall stagnation process. It should be emphasized further that the stall stagnation initiates fundamentally at the situation where a volume-modified reduced resonant-surge frequency becomes coincident with that for the stagnation boundary conditions, where the reduced frequency is defined by the acoustical resonance frequency in the flow-path system, the delivery flow-path length and the compressor tip speed, modified by the sectional area ratio and the effect of the stalling pressure ratio. The real surge frequency turns from the resonant frequency to either near-resonant one or subharmonic one, and finally to stagnation condition, for the large-amplitude conditions, caused by the non-linear self-excitation mechanism of the surge.

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.61 no.4
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• pp.831-843
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• 2021

In this paper we look at the three dimensional stagnation point flow problem over a rough rotating disk. We study the theoretical behaviour of the stagnation point flow, or forced flow, in the presence of a slip factor in which convective instability stationary modes appear. We make a numerical investigation of the effects of slip on the behaviour of the flow components of the stagnation point flow where the disk is rough. We provide, for the first time in the literature, a complete convective instability analysis and an energy analysis. Suitable similarity transformations are used to reduce the Navier-Stokes equations and the continuity equation into a system of highly non-linear coupled ordinary differential equations, and these are solved numerically subject to suitable boundary conditions using the bvp4c function of MATLAB. The convective instability analysis and the energy analysis are performed using the Chebyshev spectral method in order to obtain the neutral curves and the energy bars. We observe that the roughness of the disk has a destabilising effect on both Type-I and Type-II instability modes. The results obtained will be prominently treated as benchmarks for our future studies on stagnation flow.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.498-510
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• 2012

Objectives : This study was designed to find out whether there is a correlation between qi-stagnation score and pressure pain threshold (PPT) on acupuncture point $CV_{17}$ in burning mouth syndrome (BMS) patients. Methods : Thirty BMS patients who newly visited Oral Disease Clinic at the Kyung Hee University Korean Medicine Hospital were surveyed. The subjects were evaluated on age, illness duration, sex, self-assessed severity of BMS, qi-stagnation score, and PPT on 3 acupuncture points ($CV_{17}$, Rt. $SP_9$, Lt. $SP_9$). Results : There was significant correlation between age and PPT on $CV_{17}$ (p=0.005). Therefore, partial correlation analysis with age as control variable was done, and the result showed significant correlation between qi-stagnation score and PPT on $CV_{17}$ (p=0.001). Qi-stagnation diagnostic point by PPT on $CV_{17}$ was suggested as 3.8056 $kg/cm^2$ based on the fact that diagnostic score is 28.50 in the qi-stagnation questionnaire. Furthermore, considering that PPT is effected by age, we could attain qi-stagnation diagnostic equation of PPT on $CV_{17}$, that is suggested as $0.047{\times}(age)+0.848kg/cm^2$. PPT of 3 acupuncture points ($CV_{17}$, Rt. $SP_9$, Lt. $SP_9$) was compared, and the result showed that PPT was significantly lower on $CV_{17}$ (w/Rt $SP_9$: p=0.022, w/Lt. $SP_9$: p=0.012). Also, significance and correlation coefficient with qi-stagnation were higher on $CV_{17}$ (p<0.001, r=-0.620) than Rt. $SP_9$ (p=0.023, r=-0.413) or Lt. $SP_9$ (p=0.014, r=-0.444). Conclusions : The result of this study suggested that PPT on $CV_{17}$, measured quantitatively by algometer, had a strong correlation with qi-stagnation score in BMS patients. Therefore, the study showed that $CV_{17}$ can be a useful acupuncture point in diagnosing qi-stagnation by measuring PPT in BMS patients.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.119-137
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• 2017

Although the stall stagnation phenomena have often been experienced in site and also analytically in numerical experiments in surges in systems of compressors and flow paths, the fundamental causes have not been identified yet. In order to clarify the situations, behaviours of infinitesimal disturbance waves superposed on a main flow were studied in a simplified one-dimensional flow model. A ratio of the amplifying rate of the system instability to the characteristic slope of the compressor element was surveyed as the instability enhancement factor. Numerical calculations have shown the following tendency of the factor. In the situation where both the sectional area ratio and the length ratio of the delivery flow-path to the suction duct are sufficiently large, the enhancement factors are greater in magnitude, which means occurrence of ordinary deep surges. However, in the situation where the area ratio and/or the length ratio is relatively smaller, the enhancement factor tends to lessen significantly, which situation tends to suppress deep surges for the same value of the characteristic slope. It could result in the stall stagnation condition. In the domain of area ratio vs. length ratio of the delivery duct to the suction duct, contour-lines of the enhancement factor behave qualitatively similar to those of the stall stagnation boundaries of a fan analytically obtained, suggesting that a certain range of the enhancement factor values could specify the stagnation occurrence. The significant decreases in the factors are observed to accompany appearances of phase lags and travelling waves in the wave motions, which macroscopically suggests breaking down of the complete surge actions of filling and emptying of the air in the delivery duct. The strength of the action is deeply related with acoustic interferences and is evaluated in terms of the volume-modified reduced resonance frequency proposed by the author. These observations have shown the fundamental cause and the sequence of the stall stagnation in principle.