• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.2519-2528
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• 2013

The standard of estimate is being used as basic material for appropriating construction expenses of public institutions and private institutions. The present thesis aims to propose a new form of a standard of estimate and a calculation method of work amount of equipment by targeting a representative construction type selected at river reservation work. The present thesis expects that the convenience of users can be expanded by improving applicability of a standard of estimate and simplifying a calculation process of work amount of equipment in a process planning stage so that the provision of work crew lineup information and daily productivity information is possible by a standard of estimate. In case of river conservation work, because the variables called work conditions act very largely, there exists much difficulty for generalizing productivity information and work amount of equipment, but if its accuracy could be enhanced by improving continuous productivity information and work amount information of equipment, the simplification of process planning establishment and cumulative process through a standard of estimate would be possible.

• Explosives and Blasting
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.14-20
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• 2015

Tunnel blasting that plays the most important role in the construction of a drill & blast tunnel, shows a big difference in operation time according to various factors such as rock mass quality, tunnel dimension, machine performance, and the skill level of tunnel crews. This paper analyzes the differences between the time calculated by the standard of estimate and actual operation time based upon field investigations on blasting operation time in three tunnels of Korea. The result shows that actual blasting time is generally about 8%~16% less than the standard of estimate in cases that normal operations are performed. If the time delayed by unforeseen situations is included, however, it is presumed that the number of cases that actual operation time exceeds the standard of estimate are considerable. This study aims to help make a judgement over the appropriacy of the standard of estimate through continuous investigations on actual operation time, as well as improve the productivity of tunnel excavation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.23-40
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• 2013

The natural environment restoration industry has been newly included in the environment area of engineering technology. Accordingly, the enactment of a standard of estimate for determining the 'Cost plus Fixed Fee' method has become necessary for the implementation and vitalization of natural environment restoration projects. The purpose of this study is to determine the standards for which the prices for engineering projects are calculated with respect to the enactment of an engineering project standard of estimate in the natural environment restoration field. These include the scope of the technological work, standard area, manpower requirements by technical grade that are necessary for carrying out the technological tasks. Relevant laws and regulations, systems and precedent case studies were investigated and analyzed to establish a price calculation standard. The overall results of the analysis were used and applied to questionnaires, public hearings, and expert delphi techniques. The study showed the following results： The scope of the technological work was categorized into 'Biotopes', 'Eco-corridors' and 'Ecological restoration'. The standard area was set up as $1,000m^2$ for 'Biotopes' and $5,000m^2$ for 'Eco-corridors' and 'Ecological restoration'. The manpower requirements by technical grade that are necessary for carrying out the technological tasks were determined. The suitability of the costs, standard area, manpower requirements by technical grade of ordered engineering projects that are determined by applying the standard of estimate for natural environment restoration that may be enacted pursuant to this study may be effectively investigated and analyzed. Moreover, further studies on the calculation of standard prices that can ensure the stability of natural environment restoration projects will be necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.29-36
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• 2022

This study analyzed the effects of building and greenhouse structural code on the structural design and the greenhouse construction cost. The over-design possibility of greenhouse was analyzed when building structural code was applied using standard smart greenhouse drawings. The possibility of decrease in greenhouse construction cost was investigated if the currently applied building structural code was replaced with greenhouse structural code. As a result of comparing the member sizes with the standard drawings, building structural code was designed with 13%~74% more steel than greenhouse structural code. When building construction estimate was replaced with greenhouse construction estimate, it was possible to reduce the total construction cost of the glass greenhouse by 17% and that of the vinyl greenhouse by 14%. Since there is no standard construction estimate suitable for greenhouses, the wage unit price is set excessively, and the construction cost of the smart greenhouse is increasing. In conclusion, it is necessary to establish greenhouse structural code and greenhouse construction estimate to lower the greenhouse construction cost.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2012

The pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics analysis software NONMEM$^{(R)}$ output provides model parameter estimates and associated standard errors. However, the standard error of empirical Bayes estimates of inter-subject variability is not available. A simple and direct method for estimating standard error of the empirical Bayes estimates of inter-subject variability using the NONMEM$^{(R)}$ VI internal matrix POSTV is developed and applied to several pharmacokinetic models using intensively or sparsely sampled data for demonstration and to evaluate performance. The computed standard error is in general similar to the results from other post-processing methods and the degree of difference, if any, depends on the employed estimation options.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.3 no.3 s.11
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• pp.84-93
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• 2002

It is important to reduce construction duration in private sales and lease business for management of cash now in the owner's aspect. However, because the concept of standard duration hasn't been established in the domestic construction industry, it is difficult to present the standard of duration estimate. To solve this problem, this paper (1) grasped the effecting elements considered in the duration estimate through referring the existing literature related to the schedule management, (2) accomplished a comprehensive research on actual duration based on office buildings through the questionnaire survey and the expert interview, (3) presented the collected research data analyzed by effecting elements as standard duration, (4) compared standard duration with actual duration of countries advanced in construction projects as well as analyzed them, and then (5) raised the necessity of duration reduction in the domestic construction industry.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.315-316
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• 2021

The proportion of maintenance work has been increasing due to the recent aging of the infrastructure, but the standardized construction cost estimation standards are insufficient for this. In particular, reinforced concrete structures are being applied to many structures such as buildings and bridges, and various construction methods for maintenance of reinforced concrete structures are being developed and applied. In this study, we surveyed about the current status of the construction method for the maintenance work of reinforced concrete structures and analyze the factors of the revision of the construction cost estimate standard for the reinforced concrete structure maintenance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.193-198
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• 2009

It is an important issue in cost management to contract with the standard of cost estimate by the reasonable way in public construction projects. For the standard of cost estimate based on the Standard Estimating System, there is a difference of labor inputs between Standard Estimating System and actual quantities in construction projects. The duration of form work in multi-family housing depends on the manpower compared with other work, which is the critical path on the schedule management to be decided quality, and is the important to the cost management of construction projects. This study presented a simulation model of the productivity analysis for selecting the standard work type of form work in Multi-family housing construction projects.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.667-676
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• 2014

This study has conducted case studies in order to suggest alternatives to the historical data-based estimate system. Price fluctuation calculation methods based on historial cost indexes, standard estimate and construction cost indexes were applied to 9 road construction sites in Jeju for an analysis. As a result, in 5 construction sites (about 56% of 9 sites), the index control rate calculated based upon historical data-based estimate system was higher than that calculated based upon standard estimate and construction cost indexes. Thus the establishment of the requirements for the adjustment of contract price due to price fluctuation delays, which leads to a significant difference in price fluctuation amount. And, in an analysis of construction cost indexes, the indexes for road construction were used for calculating index control rate which ranges from 2.0 to 9.4 percent, indicating the time of construction amount and price fluctuation application has a significant influence on index control rate.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.543-564
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• 1999

The principal aim of a sequential phase I clinical trial in which the toxicity reponses of a group of patient(s) determine the dose level of the next patient(s) group is to estimate the maximal tolerated dose(MTD) of a new drug, In this paper we compared with a simulation study the performance of the MTD estimates that are determined by a stopping rule in a design and also those that are determined by analyzing the data after a clinical trial is terminated. To the latter belong the mean median mode and maximum likelihood estimates. For the Standard Methods the stopping rule MTD is quite inefficient but the median MTD has a best efficiency and is robust with respect to the three different toxicity curves. The problem of non-convergence of MLE MTD is severe. A more improved MTD estimate is produced by combining the advantages of the various MTD estimates and its efficiency is better than the single median MTD estimate especially for the toxicity curve of an unlucky choice of dose levels. The simulation results suggest that simple types of phase I designs can be combined with relatively standard analytic techniques to provide a more efficient MTD estimate.