• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.8
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• pp.1245-1252
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• 2003

A starter formulation was developed to substitute a baker's yeast with natural starter when manufacturing bread products. To develop an active starlet, starter was formulated varying with types of wheat flours, level of water contents and various nutrients. Activities of starter were investigated in terms of viable counts of microbes and change of pH and total titratible acidity Domestic wheat flours contain 100 times more number of lactic acid bacteria than yeast regardless of types of wheat flours. The more protein contents in wheat flours, the more stable microbes in starter. This was considered to be the result of buffering effect of wheat proteins. The optimum level of protein content to ensure the activity of starter was more than 12.0%. Optimum level of water content in active starter was 110% based on strong flour. The more water or the less water had the tendency of decreasing viable counts of microbes. Addition of salt and sucrose had increased the activity of starters. However oligosaccharides did not affect the activity of starter. The optimum concentrations of salt and sucrose were 1.0% and 5.0% respectively. Bread with the starter was higher scored than breads with yeast in terms of all the quality and sensory characteristics except their volumes. In conclusion, a starter formulated with strong flour 100%, water 110%, salt 1% and sucrose 5% was considered to have high potential as a substitute of yeast in making natural bread.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1997

The efficient manufacture of fermented dairy products on an industrial scale requires a supply of reliable starter cultures with properties suited to desired product specifications. These cultures must be backed by relevant research and development activities. This article describes the issues involved in establishing a centre to provide starter culture R & D for a group of independent cheese manufacturing companies, and discusses a strategic approach to the management of starter cultures.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.533-538
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• 2020

To investigate the effect of the predominant microorganisms in kimchi on quality, Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 8293 was used as starter culture during kimchi fermentation. A higher number of lactic acid bacteria and lower initial pH were observed in starter kimchi than in non-starter kimchi in the early stage of fermentation. The concentrations of the main metabolite, lactic acid, were 69.88 mM and 83.85 mM for the non-starter and starter fermented kimchi, respectively. The free sugar concentrations of starter kimchi decreased earlier than those of non-starter kimchi, and the levels of free sugars in both kimchi samples decreased during fermentation. At the end of fermentation, non-starter kimchi had a softer texture than starter kimchi, suggesting that L. mesenteroides is useful in extending shelf life. Sensory evaluation showed that starter kimchi had higher sourness and lower bitterness and astringency values, resulting in high sensory quality. These results suggest that the L. mesenteroides ATCC 8293 strain could be a potential starter culture in kimchi.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.342-347
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• 1988

This studies were carried out to investigated the effects of starter on the fermentation of Kimchi. The organisms isolated from Kimchi, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus brevis, Pediococcus cerevisiae and Leuconostoc mesenteroides, were used as starter for preparation of Kimchi. The fermentation of starter inoculated Kimchi was enhanced compared with that of starter not inoculated Kimchi at $25^{\circ}C$. The mixed strain was more effective than single strain on the fermentation Kimchi. The fermentation of starter incoculated Kimchi was enhanced by addition of red pepper, whereas inhibited during first days by addition of Singer. The fermentation period of starter inoculated Kimchi was shortened about 24hours compared with that of starter not inoculated Kimchi at $25^{\circ}C$. The sensory score of starter inoculated Kimchi was better than that of starter not inoculated Kimchi in odor, flavor and overall acceptability. The effect of starter was significant in odor of Kimchi.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.341-350
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• 2005

In this study, fault diagnosis and monitoring of serial wound pre-engaged starter motors have been carried out. Starter motors are DC motors that enable internal combustion engine (ICE) to run. In case of breakdown of a starter motor, internal combustion engine can not be worked. Starter motors have vital importance on internal combustion engines. Kohonen network based fault diagnosis system is proposed for fault diagnosis and monitoring of starter motors. A graphical user interface (GUI) software has been developed by using Visual Basic 6.0 for fault diagnosis. Six faults, seen in starter motors, have been diagnosed successfully by using the developed fault diagnosis system. GUI software makes it possible to diagnose the faults in starter motors before they occur by keeping fault records of past occurrences.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Food Science of Animal Resources Conference
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• 1997.06a
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• pp.40-49
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• 1997

육제품 제조용 starter culture에 대한 연구는 기초과학을 바탕으로 관련 미생물의 생리대사 특성은 물론 이들의 환경적응성이나 상업적인 생산공정개발에 이르기까지 상당한 발전을 거듭해 왔다. 특히, 최근에 와서 유전공학의 응용으로 starter균주의 대사능력을 조절할 수 있고 생물학적 안전성을 쉽게 검증할수 있을 뿐만 아니라 원하는 활력을 안전하게 보존할 수 있도록 하는 연구도 진행되고 있다. 미생물의 생육환경인 육의 발효과정에 대한 연구를 통하여 육제품 starter culture개발의 근간이 되는 지식을 얻게 되었으며 어떤 요인이 발효과정중 starter 균주의 대사능력과 성장에 영향을 주는지 또한 발효과정중 starter culture간의 상호작용 및 starter와 윈래 혼합육에 존재하는 균들사이에서 일어나는 상호작용에 관한연구, 나아가서는 Bacteriocine과 Bacteriophage가 육제품제조에서 어떤 의미를 갖고 있는지 등에 관한 연구도 활발히 이루어지고 있다. 특히 이런 연구결과들을 통하여 이들 starter의 실제 상업적인 이용에 있어 원료육이나 부재료, 향신료의 선정은 물론 제조 공정을 제어하여 제품의 안전성을 기대할 수 있을 뿐만아니라 하나의 starter culture로 여러 종류의 발효sausage를 제조하여도 제품마다 최상의 능력을 발휘할 수 있는 새로운 균주의 개발에도 기여할 수 있다. 스타타컬쳐에 대한 연구상황은 균주별로 다르나 유산균에 대하여 가장 많이 연구되어 있고 Micrococci에 대한 연구도 상당히 진전되어 있다. 특히할만한 점은 아시아의 발효생선이 육제품 발효에 이용되는 Staphylococcus carnosus종의 habitat로 밝혀진 것이다. 뿐만 아니라 곰팡이 균주도 실제 praxis에 적합하게 개발시킬수 있다. 따라서 앞으로 발효육제품제조에 있어 starter culture가 갖는 의미는 매우 중요하며 특히 짧은 숙성기간을 거치는 발효소시지의 제조에 있어서는 필수불가결한 공정의 한 분야로 자리잡게 될 것이다.

• Journal of Industrial Technology
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• v.17
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• pp.175-182
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• 1997

Various types of electronic starter have been developed for the general fluorescent lamps with magnetic-type ballasts. However, the FL032/T8 fluorescent lamp requires higher voltage to discharge the lamp. The general starter with two-terminal is not suitable for the FL032/T8 slim-line type fluorescent for its higher discharge voltage. The suitable starter with three terminals have been studied for the FL032/T8 lamp in this paper. The developed starter have better characteristics in view points of the discharge voltage magnitude. We have proposed and designed the three terminals electronic starter. The proposed starter have been experimented and compaired with the other 2-terminal general starters. By the experimental results, we have concluded that the proposed starter is suitable to the FL032/T8 lamp.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.246-251
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• 1999

To extend the storage period and to inhibit contamination of Kimchi by Escherichia coli, conditions of Kimchi brining and effects of the fermentation starter, halophilic Lactobacillus HL-48 were investigated. Optimum brining condition for Kimchi was accomplished in 15% NaCl and at pH2.5-3.0 adjusted by lactic acid. Starter-treated Kimchi showed pH 4.2 after 18hr fermentation, while the pH of starter-untreated Kimchi resulted in 3.3. After 36hr fermentation, the number of E. coli in starter-treated Kimchi was found clearly to decrease and not detected macroscopically, but contamination of E. coli (5.3$\times$103CFU/ml) was observed in starter-untreated sample. Organic acids in Kimchi contained organic acids such as oxalic acid, citric acid, malic acid and lactic acid. among ther, lactic acid content was remarkably high in the early fermentation stages. However, from 24hr fermentation, lactic acid content of starter-untreated Kimchi was higher than that of starter-treated Kimchi.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1404-1411
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• 2020

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) play an important role in dairy fermentations, notably as cheese starter cultures. During the cheese production and ripening period, various enzymes from milk, rennet, starter cultures, and non-starter LABs are involved in flavor formation pathways, including glycolysis, proteolysis, and lipolysis. Among these three pathways, starter LABs are particularly related to amino acid degradation, presumably as the origins of major flavor compounds. Therefore, we used several enzymes as major criteria for the selection of starter bacteria with flavor-forming ability. Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LDTM6802 and Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris LDTM6803, isolated from Korean raw milk and cucumber kimchi, were confirmed by using multiplex PCR and characterized as starter bacteria. The combinations of starter bacteria were validated in a miniature Gouda-type cheese model. The flavor compounds of the tested miniature cheeses were analyzed and profiled by using an electronic nose. Compared to commercial industrial cheese starters, selected starter bacteria showed lower pH, and more variety in their flavor profile. These results demonstrated that LDTM6802 and LDTM6803 as starter bacteria have potent starter properties with a characteristic flavor-forming ability in cheese.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.790-799
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of yeast addition as starter on kimchi fermentation. The strains used as starter were Saccharomyces sp. YK-17 and Saccharomyces fermentati YK-19 isolated from kimchi, grew under anaerobic condition and low temperature, which showed the acid and base resistances. Chemical and microfloral changes, as well as the sensory properties of starter added kimchi during fermentation were compared with the control fermented without starter. The acidity of kimchi juice was lower and pH was higher in starter added kimchi than the control. Particularly addition of S. fermentati YK-19 prolonged the optimally fermented period (pH 4.0, acidity $0.6{\sim}0.8%$) up to more than 63%. The content of lactic acid, the major non-volatile organic acid in kimchi, was increased rapidly followed by S. sp. YK-17 and S. fermentati YK-19 group. The microfloral changes were found a little different among the samples. Among the microorganisms, Leuconostoc sp. and Lactobacillus sp. showed highest change, and Streptococcus sp. and Pediococcus sp. showed ralatively low change. The growth of Lactobacillus sp. which was the main acidifing microorganism was inhibited by starter addition, particularly by S. fermentati YK-19. The sensory characteristics of acidic and moldy flavor were significantly reduced by the addition, while fresh flavor was increased in starter added group.