• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Life Science Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.163-163
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• 2005

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.141-146
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• 1994

돈육의 가열과 냉동저장시 잔류된 설폰아미드가 증가 또는 감소되는 정도를 조사하였다. 설파메라진, 설파메타진, 설파모노메톡신, 설파디메톡신, 설파퀴녹사린을 돈육에 100ng/g씩 주사하고 30분간 $60^{\circ}C$로 가열하였을 때 설파메타진은 40%증가하였으나, $60-120^{\circ}C$로 가열한 다른 설폰아미드는 12-22% 감소하였다. 4주간 $-20{^{\circ}C}$이하로 냉동하였을 때, 설파메라진과 설파퀴녹사린은 각각 12%, 19% 감소하였으나 다른 설폰아미드는 변화가 없었다. 설폰아미드의 검출한계는 고상분산을 이용한 정제시 2.6-27ng/g이있으며, 액상분배를 이용한 정제시 25-36ng/g이었다. 본 실험의 결과 돈육중의 설폰아미드는 가열과 냉동저장에 따라 안정성이 변화될 수 있으며, 잔류물 정제방법으로는 고상분산과 액상분배방법을 이용할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.229-236
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• 2002

This study was carried out to compare the residual antibiotic materials in muscles of slaughter cattle and swine from slaughterhouses in Seoul from 2000 to 2001 by EEC-4-plate method, Charm II and HPLC method. 1. Residual antibiotic materials were detected from 95 samples(0.8%) by EEC-4-plate and 57 samples(10.2%) by Charm II. The final HPLC method determined the positives are 43(45.3%) and 27(47.3%) respectively. 2. The detection ratios were 45% by EEC-4-plate and 47% by Charm II. 3. Seventy samples were classified as tetracyclines 56(75.7.4%), sulfonamides 10(14.9%), $\beta$-lactam 6(8.1%) chloramphenicol 1(1.4%). Three of them were confirmed to be positive simmultaneously for tetracyclines, sulfonamides and chloramphenicol. 4. The highest residual concentration of chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, sulfamethazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfaquinoxaline, penicillin, ampicillin and chloramphenicol were 0.34, 11.29, 68.16, 0.13, 4.0, 0.12, 0.4 and 0.04ppm, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.11-19
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• 1993

This experiment was carried out to detect the residues of sulfonamides in raw milk. Raw milks which does not contain sulfonamides was collected from one of the farm and fortified with 5 sulfonamides (sulfamerazine, sulfamethazine, sulfamonomethoxine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfaqinoxaline). The sulfonamides in the fortified sample were extracted and detected by High Performance Liquid Chromatography. UV /vis detector was used in this experiment. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. Chloroform was good as a extracting solution. 2. 15.5% methanol in PDP as a mobile phase solution was best detective condition for SMR, SMT, SMM. But for SDM and SQN the best condition was 23% methanol. 3. The detectable limits of SMR, SMT, SMM were 2ppb. but SDM and SQN were 20ppb because of delayed retention time and relatively low recovery rate. 4. The peaks of SMR, SMT, SMM and SDM were erected at baseline and the apexes were sharp but SQN was round shape.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 2014

In Korea, over 4,700 animal carcass disposal sites were installed until 2011 due to the outbreak of foot and mouth disease. Due to the putrefaction of buried animals, the leachate containing veterinary antibiotics may release into surrounding environments. Antibiotic residues in the environment cause the formation of antibiotic resistance bacteria threatening human and ecosystem health. This study reports the concentrations of five antibiotics, including tetracycline (TC), chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfamethazine (SMZ), and sulfamethoxazole (SMX), in soils from animal carcass disposal site and adjacent agricultural field. Concentrations of antibiotics at animal carcass disposal sites (TC: $144.26-350.73{\mu}g/kg$, SMZ: $17.72-44.94{\mu}g/kg$) were higher than those at agricultural field (TC: $134.16-320.73{\mu}g/kg$, SMZ: $6.48-8.85{\mu}g/kg$) whereas the concentrations of CTC, OTC, and SMX were below detection limit in both sites. Results showed that the antibiotics in animal carcass site might leach to the soil and possibly contaminating the groundwater. Future studies will focus on the transfer of antibiotics residues into food crops.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.457-463
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• 2013

The removal of sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) by activated carbon was investigated by using granular activated carbon (GAC) tests and density functional theory (DFT) simulations. The GAC absorption tests show the removal efficiency of 68.4~90.7% and 99.0~99.9% in 1 and 24 hours, respectively. In both GAC tests, the removal efficiency of sulfamethazine (SMZ) was the highest followed by those of sulfathiazole (STZ) and sulfamethoxazole (SMTZ): SMZ > STZ > SMTZ. In DFT adsorption simulations, we found that the 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide parts of SMZ and STZ and the 3-methyl-1,2-oxazol-5-amine part of SMTZ are preferentially adsorbed on the edges of graphene model, provided that the adsorbates keep their structures without dissociation upon adsorption process. The adsorption energies of SMZ, STZ, and SMTZ are -4.91, -4.64, and -4.62 eV, respectively. This adsorption strength (SMZ > STZ > STMZ) agrees with the trend of the removal efficiency of SAs by GAC. In addition, dissociative adsorption configurations of SAs are discussed.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.628-634
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• 2012

Release of veterinary antibiotics (VSs) to agricultural environment through application of animal manure and/or animal manure-based composts to soils is of concern. The current study was conducted to examine decline of VAs during composting the chicken manure. For this, antibiotics free chicken manure (20 kg) and sawdust (10 kg) were added to the bench-scale composting apparatus and then the mixed material was spiked simultaneously with three VAs (chlortetracycline, CTC; sulfamethazine, SMZ; tylosin, TYL) at two different levels (10 and $20mg\;kg^{-1}$). Then the decline of VAs was determined using Charm II system during 53 composting period. For comparison, composting only chicken manure was included at VAs concentration of $10mg\;kg^{-1}$. During composting, the concentration of all three different VAs declined below the prospective guideline values ($0.8mg\;kg^{-1}$ for CTC, $0.2mg\;kg^{-1}$ for SMZ, and $1.0mg\;kg^{-1}$ for TYL) except CTC at $20mg\;kg^{-1}$ spiking when the chicken manure was composted together with sawdust. Interestingly, CTC at $10mg\;kg^{-1}$ spiking appeared to be declined under the guideline value without sawdust while SMZ was resistant to be declined without sawdust. Unlike CTC and SMZ, TYL showed immediate decline right after spiking TYL to composting materials regardless the spiking concentration and existence of sawdust. Appropriate composting procedure of chicken manure was able to decline the residual VAs in the manure below the prospective guideline value and the importance of organic substances on this decline was perceived.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.31 no.12
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• pp.1105-1112
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• 2009

Antibiotics are biologically active substances and commonly used for therapeutic treatment of infectious disease in humans and for treating and protecting the health of animals. In recent years, antibiotics have attracted worldwide attention because of their side effects on the environment. Consequently, efforts have been made to monitor the residual of antibiotics in the environment. This study tested the mobility of tetracyclines and sulfonamides in soil and leachate through column experiments. The three tetracycline antibiotics showed higher mass recovery rates in all kinds of soils(28.00~44.11%) than in leachate(10.54~27.43%). This seems attributable to the high adsorption coefficient values($K_d$) of tetracyclines representing strong and active adsorbability to organic and mineral phases in soil, ending up relatively small amount being detected in surface water. By contrast, the sulfonamides(sulfamethazine and sulfathiazole) showed higher mass recovery rates in leachate(23.19~26.20%) compared to in soil(10.41~14.21%) due to lower adsorption coefficient values and higher mobility of sulfonamides, enabling easier movement to surface water through the runoff in the environment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.401-408
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• 2008

Adsorption performance of sulfonamide antibiotic compounds such as sulfadimethoxine(SDM), sulfachloropyridazine(SCP), sulfamethazine(SMT), sulfathiazole(STZ) and sulfamethoxazole(SMX) on granular activated carbon(GAC) was evaluated in this study. The coal-based activated carbon was found to be more effective than other carbons in adsorption of sulfonamide antibiotic compounds. The wood-based activated carbon was less effective than coconut- and coal-based carbon in adsorption nevertheless having larger pore volume and specific surface area than others carbons. The maximum adsorption capacities(X/M) of coal-based activated carbon for the five sulfonamide species was 1.3$\sim$1.5 and 1.8$\sim$2.1 times larger than coconut- and wood-based activated carbon, respectively. Carbon usage rates (CUR) of coal-, coconut- and wood-based activated carbons for SCP were 3.55 g/day, 4.29 g/day and 6.47 g/day, respectively. Similar results were obtained in the adsorption of the rest four sulfonamide species. It is concluded that coal-based activated carbon could removed the sulfonamide antibiotic compounds better than other material-based activated carbons.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2002

A study was conducted to determine the effect of dietary probiotics or antibiotics on growth and pathological status in growing-finishing pigs. Ninety male pigs weaned at 24 days of age were divided into three groups of 30 pigs each on the basis of body weight and litter. Three groups of ten pigs(one pen) each were assigned to one of the following diets; a control diet or diets containing 0.1% probiotics or 0.1% antibiotics (1:1 mixture of kitasamycin and sulfamethazine). Average daily gain (ADG), feed efficiency(G/F) and the pathological status were monitored. ADG, feed efficiency and carcass quality were not different (P>0.05) among the three treatments. But pork quality in pigs fed probiotics tended to be improved, compared to other treatments. The pigs fed probiotics had lower pathological lesion in intestinal monitoring than that of other treatments pigs. The chemical composition of slurry(BOD, COD, SS, T-N, T-P and ammonia) in the probiotics treatments tended to be decreased, compared to other treatments. Results of this study suggest that dietary probiotics improve pigs' housing environment, and decrease the contents of polluting materials in slurry.