• Transactions of Materials Processing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.323-330
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• 2020

The surface region of a sheet metal may have different characteristics from the inner region because the surface region is less restricted than the interior. In addition, the grains on the free surface are less hardened because of surface adsorption of the dislocations, rather than piling up. In the case of bulk or thick sheet metals, this effect is negligible because the fraction of the surface region is much smaller than that of the inner region. However, this surface effect is important in the case of ultra-thin sheet metals. In order to evaluate the surface effect, tensile and bending tests were performed for the SS304 stainless steel with a thickness of 0.39 mm. The bending force predicted using the tensile behavior is higher than the measurement because of the surface effect. To account for the surface effect, the surface layer model was developed by dividing the sheet section into surface and inner layers. The mechanical behaviors of the two regions were calibrated using the tensile and bending properties. The surface layer model reproduced the bending behavior of the ultra-thin sheet metal.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.543-551
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• 2014

Objective: The purpose of this study is to identify visual perception of and satisfaction with the orange peel effect of surface. The orange peel effect is a type of finish on painted or coated surface. Background: Gloss paint sprayed on a smooth surface (such as car body, smart phone, and electric home appliances, etc.) should also dry into a smooth surface. Then, a surface resembling the texture of an orange peel can be caused by some factors. The orange peel effect can degrade user's satisfaction with a product. Method: Visual perception and emotional satisfaction were subjectively evaluated using Likert scale. The significance of orange peel effect on visual perception and satisfaction were then analyzed by the analysis of variance. The correlation between visual perception and satisfaction was also analyzed. Results: Surface roughness significantly influenced visual perception and emotional satisfaction. The level of visual perception increased and emotional satisfaction decreased with the increase of orange peel effect. Emotional satisfaction decreased with the increase of visual perception level. Conclusion: It was identified that orange peel phenomenon on surface was a very important factor for emotional satisfaction. The orange peel effect on the surface of a product should be minimized to improve the emotional satisfaction of the product. Application: The result of this study can be applied to the texture design of the body of a car, smart phones, and electric home appliances, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.24-32
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• 1984

The object of the study is to discuss the effect of magic ink as a surface active substance on the mechanism of chip formation in oblique cutting. The Rehbinder effect has been known as a phenomenon that the mechanical strength reduces when the metal is coated with some surface active substances. In order to interpret these surface effects defined by Rehbinder, the influence on the shear strength of shear plane by coating surface active substances, cutting force by the depth of cut, surface roughness and hardness ratio were observed. The results are as follows: 1. By coating the magic ink on free surface of the forming chip, the effective shear angle increases, and the cuttinbg force and the deformed chip thickness decreases. 2. With the large inclination angle the effective shear angle increases, and the specific cutting force and the friction angle decrease. 3. Cutting of the coated surface improves the surface roughness and the hardness ratio drops, which means another Rehbinder effect.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.114-120
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• 2013

A superhydrophobic surface means that the contact angle between the solid surface and a water droplet is more than $150^{\circ}$. Materials with a superhydrophobic surface have a self-cleaning function because of the Lotus effect, in which water is not absorbed by the material but rolls off of it. If such a Lotus effect can be applied to the surface of underwater vessels, submarines, torpedos, and so on, enhanced vessels can be made based on this lubricant effect reducing the friction coefficient for the liquid. Because polymer composites can be easily applied in various nanotechniques, they are more advantageous than conventional materials like iron in terms of a superhydrophobic surface. Furthermore, a superhydrophobic surface bring enhanced anticorrosion and ecotechnology because no paint is needed on underwater vessels.

• Interaction and multiscale mechanics
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.107-122
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• 2011

Mechanical behavior in nano-sized structures differs from those in macro sized structures due to surface effect. As the ratio of surface to volume increases, surface effect is not negligible and causes size-dependent mechanical behavior. In order to identify this size effect, atomistic simulations are required; however, it has many limitations because too much computational resource and time are needed. To overcome the restrictions of the atomistic simulations and graft the well-established continuum theories, the continuum model considering surface effect, which is based on the bridging technique between atomistic and continuum simulations, is introduced. Because it reflects the size effect, it is possible to carry out a variety of analysis which is intractable in the atomistic simulations. As a part of the application examples, the homogenization method is applied to micro/nano thin films with porosity and the homogenized elastic coefficients of the nano scale thickness porous films are computed in this paper.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.75-82
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• 1995

The free surface effects on the aerodynamic performance of 2-D wings are investigated based on the potential flow approximation. The wing is represented b source and vortex distributions on the wing surface. The steady free surface effect is taken into account by source distribution on the free surface and the velocity potentials of air and water flows are obtained. Using three different techniques, namely, positive image method, inverse image method and source distribution method, numerical results are obtained for wave elevation, pressure distribution and lift coefficient with various foil sections. The wave elevation calculated by the inverse image method is shown to be very small even at higher speeds so that the free surface effect on the performance of wings is regraded negligible. However, the wave elevations by the positive image method and source distribution method are relatively high at higher speeds and accordingly the free surface effects on wings can not be neglected.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.1145-1150
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• 2005

The aim of this paper is to investigate the effect of surface texturing on metal surface and to understand the potential of friction reduction through micro-scale dimple to fabricate by photolithography on pin-on-disk test using flat-on-flat contact geometry. It was verify that the friction property with respect to the same pitch has been influence on the size of dimple under lubricated sliding contact. Also, we can recognize from Stribeck curve that the friction property has a connection with the size of dimple. It can explain a relationship between the friction coefficient and a dimensionless parameter for lubrication condition. The friction property has been an effect on the size of surface texture on reduction friction, not only because the density of dimple, but also because the ratio of diameter/pitch. This ratio of approximately 0.5 is recommend under the tested friction condition. It suggested that the ratio of d/p is an important parameter for surface texture design.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Visualization
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-25
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• 2020

The droplet impact behavior is dominated by some parameters such as surface temperature, We number, surface and fluid property. Especially, Leidenfrost effect which prevents the contact between surface and droplet is very powerful phenomenon for determining droplet impact behavior. Due to this effect, the impact regime is divided into contact boiling regime and film boiling regime whether the droplet contact with the surface. Many studies have found that surface micro-structures which processed by surface processing are effective to overcome the Leidenfrost effect. In this study, droplet impact behaviors were compared using ethanol both on flat and laser-ablated Al surface. On the flat surface, impact regime was mainly divided by surface temperature. And there is key dominant parameter for each regime. On the laser-ablated surface, we could see changed impact regime and different impact behavior such as jetting and ejection of tiny droplets despite of same impact conditions.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.67-74
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• 1991

The contact characteristics of gear tooth surface were studied by using the gear test rig of power circulation type. The effect of surface treatment conditions and revolutions on the tooth surface roughness parameters, and the relations between the lubrication conditions and tooth surface conditions, in spur gear sets wear considered. The result show that heat treatment of gear have an important effect upon fatigue strength and tooth surface conditions, and surface asperities undergo a circulating process of creation and destruction because of the influnce of plastic deformation. And surface roughness conditions at the tooth tips accompany a great deal of variation in running-in stage. According to the lubrication analysis and the study the tooth surface have a greater effect on surface demage than lubrication conditions, in mixed-lubrication condition.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.27-33
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• 2016

This study expanded Terzaghi arching formula, which assumed a vertical surface as a sliding surface, to consider an arbitrarily inclined surface as a sliding surface and examined the effect of a sliding surface. This study firstly developed a formula to expand the existing Terzaghi arching formula to consider an inclined surface as well as a vertical surface as a sliding surface under the downward movement of a trap door. Using the expanded formula, the effect of excavation, ground, and surcharge conditions on a vertical stress was examined and the results were compared with them from Terzaghi arching formula. The comparison indicated that the induced vertical stress was highly affected by the angle of an inclined sliding surface and the degree of influence depended on the excavation, ground, and surcharge conditions. It is expected that the results from this study would provide a better understanding of various arching phenomenon in the future.