• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.1-7
• /
• 2016

The removal of non-aqueous phase liquids (NAPLs) from groundwater using pure water, via pump and treat, is quite ineffective due to their low solubility and hydrophobicity. Therefore, the objectives of pilot tests were to select potentially suitable surfactants that solubilize tetrachloroethylene (PCE) and trichloroethylene (TCE) present as contaminants and to evaluate the optimal range of process parameters that can increase the removal efficiency in surfactant-enhanced soil flushing (SESF). Used experimental method for surfactant selection was batch experiments. The surfactant solution parameters for SESF pilot tests were surfactant solution concentration, surfactant solution pH, and the flow rate of surfactant solution in the SESF pilot system. Based on the batch experiments for surfactant selection, DOSL (an anionic surfactant) was selected as a suitable surfactant that solubilizes PCE and TCE present as contaminants. The highest recovery (95%) of the contaminants was obtained using a DOSL surfactant in the batch experiments. The pilot test results revealed that the optimum conditions were achieved with a surfactant solution concentration of 4% (v/v), a surfactant solution pH of 7.5, and a flow rate of 30 L/min of surfactant solution (Lee and Woo, 2015). The maximum removal of contaminants (89%) was obtained when optimum conditions were simultaneously met in pilot-scale SESF operations. These results confirm the viability of SESF for treating PCE and TCE-contaminated groundwater.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
• /
• v.40 no.2
• /
• pp.91-97
• /
• 1993

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipoprotein complex composed primarily of phospholipid and lung specific apoproteins that reduces surface tension in the alveolus and maintains alveolar stability at low lung volume. Adult respiratory distress syndrome still carries a very high morbidity and mortality. The surfactant system is vital to the maintenance of proper lung function, any type of surfactant deficiency, whether primary or secondary, will contribute significantly to the development of pulmonary pathophysiology. Various mechanisms in adult respiratory distress syndrome may be responsible for such alterations in the surfactant system. Surfactant replacement is now an established treatment for neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, reducing both incidence of complications and mortality. With the current knowledge of surfactant physiology and the pathophysiology of the adult respiratory distress syndrome exogenous surfactant treatment or stimulation of endogenous surfactant synthesis and secretion will prove to be beneficial in preventing and treating the adult respiratory distress syndrome. The study of clinical surfactant therapy for adult respiratory distress syndrome is just beginnig and this can be viewed as an area with exciting potential. As soon as surfactant preparations become more widely available trials should begin to define the role of surfactant treatment in the adult respiratory distress syndrome as an adjunct to available treatment techniques.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.3 no.2
• /
• pp.143-151
• /
• 1998

Protein -surfactant interactions have been investigate by measuring ζ-potential of $\beta$-lactoglobulin-coated emulsion droplets and $\beta$-lactoglobulin in solution in the rpesenceof surfactant, with particular emphasis on the effect of protein heat treatment(7$0^{\circ}C$, 30min). When ionic surfactant (SDS or DATEM) is added to the protein solution, the ζ-potential of the mixture is found to increase with increasing surfactant concentration, indicating surfactant binding to the protein molecules. For heat-denatured protein,it has been observed that the ζ-potential tends to be lower than that of the native protein. The effect of surfactant on emulsions is rather complicated .With SDS, small amounts of surfactant addition induce a sharp increase in zeta potential arising from the specific interaction of surfactant with protein. With further surfacant addition, there is a gradual reductio in the ζ-potential, presumably caused by the displacement of adsorped protein (and protein-surfactant complex) from the emulsion droplet surfac by the excess of SDS molecules. At even higher surfactant concentrations, the measured zeta potential appears to increase slightly, possibly due to the formation of a surfactant measured zeta potential appears to increase slightly, possibly due to the formation of surfactant micellar structure at the oil droplet surface. This behaviour contrastswith the results of the corresponding systems containing the anionic emulsifier DATEM, in which the ζ-potential of the system is found to increase continuously with R, particularly at very low surfactant concentration. Overall, such behaviour is consisten with a combination of complexation and competitive displacement between surfactant and protein occurring at the oil-water interface. In addition, it has also been found that above the CMC, there is a time-dependent increase in the negative ζ-potential of emulsion droplets in solutions of SDS, possibly due to the solublization of oil droplets into surfactant micelles in the aqueous bulk phase.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.72-77
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of phenol compounds from green tea leaves and surfactant micelles on lipid oxidation in com oil-in-water emulsion (O/W). The concentration of phenol and surfactant in continuous phase of the O/W with exceed Brij 700 and phenol compounds was measured. The particle size of O/W with phenol (100 ppm) increased with increasing added exceed surfactant $(0{\sim}2.0%)$ and the concentration of surfactant and phenols in the continuous phase higher than these of control. Lipid oxidation rates, as determined by the formation of lipid hydroperoxides and headspace hexanal, in the O/W emulsions containing phenol compounds (100 ppm) and exceed surfactant $(0{\sim}2.0%)$ decreased with increasing concentration of exceed surfactant. The ability of the phenol compounds and exceed surfactant to inhibit hydroperoxide and headspace hexanal producing as lipid oxidation in O/W was BHT>procyanidin B3-3-O-gallate> (+)-gallocatechin > (+)-catechin and 2% > 1 % > 0% of exceed surfactant. These results indicate that phenol compounds and exceed surfactant could alter the physical location of hydroperoxide in O/W.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
• /
• v.12 no.6
• /
• pp.38-45
• /
• 2007

Trichloroethylene (TCE) is a representative dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) and has contaminated substance environments including soil and groundwater due to leakage and careless. DNPAL, has been treated by surfactant-enhanced aquifer remediation (SEAR). After application of SEAR, groundwater contains still surfactant as well as little amount of residual TCE. Permeable reactive barrier using zero-valent iron (ZW) is a very effective technology to treat the residual TCE in groundwater. In this study, the effect of the residual surfactant on the reductive dechlorination of residual TCE was investigated using ZVI. Mixed surfactant composed of nonioinic surfactant and cationic surfactant was used as a residual surfactant because of toxicity and enhancement of dechlorination rate. Structure of surfactant affected significantly the decrhlorination rate of TCE. Mixed surfactant system with relatively short polyethylene oxide (PEO) chain in nonionic surfactant, cationic surfactant did not affect TCE dechlorination rate. However, mixed surfactant system with relatively long PEO chain in nonionic surfactant shows that TCE dechlorination rate was significantly dependent on fraction of cationic surfactant and HLB of nonionic surfactant. Cationic surfactant with trimethyl ammonium group enhanced reductive dechlorination rate compared to that surfactant with pyridinium group.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.36-44
• /
• 1997

This experiment was mainly performed with a mechanical treatment using ultrasound. We got the following conclusions : At seven minutes-ultrasonic treatment using nonionic surfactant, yield, brightness and residual ink contents were superior to other treatment, but several strength properties were decreased. On the other hand anionic surfactant was considerably low ink removal efficiency. For ultrasonic treatment using nonionic surfactant, yield and brightness were dropped when temperature was over 4$0^{\circ}C$, but were observed to be insensitive to the pulp consistency and flotation time. In the case of nonionic surfactant, tensile and burst strength were improved when ultrasonic treatment was used comparing to non-treatment, and nonionic surfactant was generally better than anionic surfactant in terms of tensile and burst strength regardless of ultrasound conditions. Several properties were decreased when anionic surfactant was used in comparison with nonionic surfactant except yield, therefore, anionic surfactant. was not proper to be used in this condition.

• Proceedings of the Mineralogical Society of Korea Conference
• /
• 2001.06a
• /
• pp.52-52
• /
• 2001

Clays coated with cationic surfactants (organoclays) have been investigated due to their effectiveness in sorbing organic compounds from water The objectives of this study were to (1) study the sorption characteristics or a cationic surfactant (HDTMA) to clay minerals; (2) examine the partitioning of HOC (naphthalene) to the adsorbed surfactants within the context of the first objective, and (3) develop overall HOC distribution coefficients that consider sorbed surfactant amounts. The sorption of hydrophobic organic contaminant was due to partitioning of the organics into the organic pseudophase created by the surfactant tail groups. Sorption of naphthalene by HDTMA-clays at different surfactant surface coverages revealed that the naphthalene K$\_$d/ values were affected by the surface concentration of surfactant. In our study the kaolinite was modified with a cationic surfactant to achieve different fractional organic carbon contents and different surfactant molecule configurations on the surface. All of the sorption isotherms were nearly linear and could be described by a distribution coefficient (K$\_$d/). The sorption of naphthalene by the surfactant-modified kaolinite was found to be dependent on the bound surfactant molecule configuration as well as on the fractional organic carbon content but halloysite was not affected by the increase of surfactant amounts. Results from this investigation provide additional insight into the role that sorbed surfactant structure plays in HOC partitioning.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.790-796
• /
• 2011

This study was designed to investigate the influence of ratio of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixture on detergency of particulate soil under various solutions. The detergency of the particulate soil was determined by adhesion of particle to fabric and its removal from fabric separately. The PET fabric and ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$were used as materials of textile and model of particulate soil, respectively. The detergency was investigated as a function of surfactants concentration, ionic strength, kinds of electrolyte and mole numbers of oxyethylene ether of nonionic surfactant in different ratio of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixture. Although some deviations exist, the adhesion of particle to fabric generally increased with decreasing its removal from fabric. The detergency of particulate soil on PET fabric was relatively higher in anionic/nonionic surfactant mixed solution than in each single surfactant solution, but the influence of ratio of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixture on detergency of particulate soil was low. Generally the detergency of particulate soil on fabric was at its maximum at 0.1% surfactant concentration, $1{\times}10^{-3}$ ionic strength, $Na_5P_3O_{10}$ electrolytes and 10 mole numbers of oxyethylene ether of nonionic surfactant, regardless of ratio of anionic/nonionic surfactant mixture.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.854-861
• /
• 2004

To estimate dispersion stability of particles in anionic and nonionic surfactant mixed solution, suspending power was examined as functions of duration time of suspension, ionic and nonionic surfactant mixed ratio, surfactant concentration, kinds of electrolyte, ionic strength and mole numbers of oxyethylene additions to nonionic surfactant using $\alpha$-Fe$_2$O$_3$ particle as the model of particulate soil. The suspending power of anionic and nonionic surfactant mixed solution was relatively higher than that of anionic and nonionic surfactant single solution regardless of solution concentration. The suspending power was gradually decreased with increasing duration time of suspension. In the absence of electrolyte, the effect of surfactant concentration on suspending power was small but in solution with electrolyte, suspending power was lowest at 1 ％ surfactant concentration. With 1${\times}$10$^{-3}$ ionic strength and polyanionic electrolyte in solution, the suspending power was high but effects of oxyethylene mole number to nonionic surfactant on suspending power was small. Generally the suspending power was gradually increased with decreasing the particle size. Hence the suspending power was inversely related to the particle size.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.22 no.10
• /
• pp.1352-1358
• /
• 2012

In acute lung injury (ALI) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the underlying cause of infiltration and migration of neutrophils into the alveoli is considered to be from increased production of platelet-activating factor (PAF) in the pulmonary surfactant lining the alveolar lumen. In this study I partially confirmed this concept. LPS increased lung leak and the infiltration of neutrophils in the lung of rats given LPS intratracheally. The migration of neutrophils into the lung, which had caused oxidative stress, was also morphologically identified. I verified that the metabolism of the pulmonary surfactant was affected and that there was increased production of PAF in the pulmonary surfactant, both of which are considered to contribute to ALI by LPS in rats.