• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.22-25
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to estimate daily intake of manganese in Korean adults. Manganese intake was estimated through the use of the database of manganese content in frequently consumed Korean foods after first conducting anthropometric measurement and a survey on dietary intake with 354 Korean adults. Average age, height, weight and body mass index were 54.6 years, 165.7 cm, 67.2 kg and $24.5\;kg/m^2$ in males and 53.8 years, 153.7 cm, 59.1 kg and $24.9\;kg/m^2$ in females. The daily energy intakes of subjects were 1740.1 kcal in males and 1432.6 kcal in females. Male and female subjects recorded, respectively, 5.2 mg and 4.1 mg in manganese intake indicating that the male subjects consume more manganese (p<0.001). And they posted, respectively, 3.0 mg and 2.9 mg in manganese intake per 1000 kcal of energy consumption; it turned out that there was no significant difference. Daily manganese intake of both males and females posted, respectively, 148.8% and 135.2% of the adequate intake, and 8 males and 3 females surpassed the tolerable upper intake level. It is suggested that the study for accurate determination of manganese consumption needs to be more diversified based on the database of manganese content in Korean foods.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제5권6호
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• pp.548-552
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• 2011

The purpose of this study was to estimate the daily manganese (Mn) intake of Korean children. This study was done using a three-day dietary intake survey of 257 Korean children (boys 123; girls 134). The Mn intake values were calculated based on a database that provides the Mn content of the frequently consumed Korean foods, alongside the food composition table provided by the Korean National Rural Living Science Institute. The average age, height, weight and body mass index of our subjects were 11.9 years, 155.4 cm, 48.9 kg and 20.2 kg/$m^2$ in boys and 11.9 years, 154.1 cm, 43.5 kg and 18.3 kg/$m^2$ in girls. The average daily energy intakes were 2,249.2 kcal in boys and 2,044.5 kcal in girls. Boys consumed significantly more Mn than girls, based on intake estimates of $4,585.3{\mu}g$ (117.6% of adequate intake) and $4,029.3{\mu}g$ (117.1% of adequate intake), respectively (P < 0.001). Boys had a Mn intake of $2,041.1{\mu}g$ per 1,000 kcal of energy consumption, whereas for girls this was at $1,983.9{\mu}g$ per 1,000 kcal. Neither group exceeded the tolerable upper intake level for Mn. The major food groups which contributed to Mn intake in our subjects were cereals (50.8%), vegetables (21.0%), seasonings (8.9%), and pulses (7.7%). Notably, boys derived a higher Mn intake through cereals and vegetable than did girls (P < 0.001, P < 0.05). The key food sources of Mn, in descending order, were rice, soybean curd, kimchi, black rice and cereals. We propose that the results of our study may be used as a basis for follow-up studies that examine the Mn intake of children.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.82-91
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• 2011

The present study reviewed the effects of excess iodine intake on thyroid function and the incidence of thyroid disease and discussed the scientific basis for establishing a tolerable upper intake level (UL) of iodine for Koreans. ULs are defined as "the highest level of daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse effects to almost all individuals in the general population." Koreans consume excess iodine from seaweed, and iodine intake is strongly influenced by seaweed consumption. However, no dose-response data derived from subjects consuming excess iodine frequently but not continuously during a lifetime are available. Therefore, the Korean DRI committee set the iodine UL to reduce the risk of adverse health effects by excess iodine intake for Koreans with distinctive seaweed-eating habits.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.349-356
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• 2015

본 연구는 부산연근해에서 서식하는 저서어류 체내의 미량금속에 의한 인체 위해 영향을 정량적으로 평가하기 위하여 수행되었다. 부산의 용호부두 인근에서 채취 된 4종의 식용저서어류 넙치, 우럭, 쥐치, 밑달갱이 조직내의 미량금속(trace metals)의 함량을 ICP-MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. 그리고 이를 토대로 어류섭취를 통한 미량금속의 인체 노출량을 파악하고, 이로 인한 잠재적 인체 위해도 평가를 수행하였다. 4종의 어류 조직 내 미량금속의 평균함량은 Li, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb이 각각 $0.005{\pm}0.009$, $0.77{\pm}0.30$, $0.29{\pm}0.34$, $0.49{\pm}0.14$, $15.96{\pm}2.52$, $10.62{\pm}4.67$, $0.001{\pm}0.002$, $0.045{\pm}0.06mg/kgdw$으로 나타났다. 이 지역에서 채취된 어류의 섭취로 인한 표준체중(60 kg)의 국민에 대한 노출평가 결과 Cu, Zn은 PMTDI (provisional maximum tolerable daily intake)의 0.0032, 0.054-0.18%, As, Cd, Pb는 PTWI (provisional tolerable weekly intake)값의 13, 0.0041, 0.020%로 나타나 합동식품첨가물전문가위원회(The Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, JFCFA)에서 권고하는 각원소의 제한섭취량에 비하여 매우 낮은 수준이었다. 그리고 독성(비발암)위해도 평가 결과는 모두 HI (hazard index)지수가 1 이하로 장기간 섭취하여도 안전한 것으로 나타났으며, 4종의 모든 어류섭취로 인한 As의 노출로 인한 초과 발암 위해도도 10만명 당 1명 이하로 나타나 역시 장기섭취로 인한 발암 확률도 무시할 만한 수준인 것으로 나타났다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.270-277
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• 2020

This study analyzed mycotoxins, aflatoxin B1, B2, G1, G2, fumonisin B1, B2, ochratoxin A and zearalenone, using LC-MS/MS and conducted risk assessment on 54 samples of seeds distributed in SeoulYangnyeongsi and the management status of extramural herbal dispensary facility. The matched calibration showed a good linearity as observed in 6 concentration levels(r2>0.999) as a result of method validation applied with Arecae semen. Limits of detection(LOD) and quantification(LOQ) were in the range of 0.02-0.11 ㎍/kg and 0.08-0.34 ㎍/kg, respectively. Recoveries also estimated, ranging from 65.1-99.7% with relative standard deviation(RSD) 0.5-6.3%. As a result of the method on 54 samples, mycotoxins were detected in 16 samples. Among them, two Thujae semen showed a degree of concentration that exceeded the aflatoxin specification. In the risk assessment, the human exposure safety standard values were calculated as ADI(Acceptable Daily Intake) for aflatoxin B1, fumonisin and zearalenone. Ochratoxin A was calculated as PTWI(Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intake). The MOE(Margine of Exposure) of aflatoxin B1 was in the range of 40.36-3536.88. And no items exceeded 100% in %TDI(Tolerable Daily Intake) and %TWI(Tolerable Weekly Intake) of fumonisin, zearalenone and ochratoxin A.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권3호
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• pp.325-332
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• 2008

본 연구에서는 식생활 양상이 서로 다를 것으로 생각되는 어촌, 농촌, 도시 지역별 각각 213명, 193명, 187명을 대상으로 직접면담과 24시간 회상법에 의한 식사섭취조사를 실시한 후 35가지 식품 중 다이옥신 함량 자료를 이용하여 추정한 다이옥신 섭취상태를 비교 평가하였다. 지역별 조사대상자의 평균 연령은 어촌 61.5세, 농촌 57.6세, 도시 49.4세 순으로 유의하게 높았으며, 신장은 도시 대상자가 160.0 cm로 어촌의 158.1 cm나 농촌의 157.7 cm보다 유의하게 높았다. 지역별 남녀 성별 분포는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 1일 에너지 섭취량은 농촌 1707.7 kcal, 도시 1596.5 kcal, 어촌 1493.8 kcal로 농촌이 어촌보다 유의하게 높았다. 1일 총 식품섭취량은 지역별 유의한 차이가 없었으나 어패류는 어촌 지역이, 곡류, 채소류, 육류, 조미료류는 농촌지역이, 당류, 두류, 난류, 해조류, 우유류, 유지류는 도시지역이 가장 높았다. 35종 식품의 다이옥신 함량자료를 이용하여 평가한 어촌, 농촌, 도시 대상자의 1일 다이옥신 섭취량은 어촌이 0.70 pgTEQ/kg/day로 농촌의 0.32 pgTEQ/kg/day나 도시의 0.46 pgTEQ/kg/day보다 유의하게 높았다. 곡류, 두류, 채소류, 어패류를 통한 다이옥신 섭취량은 어촌이, 난류와 우유류를 통한 다이옥신 섭취량은 도시가 가장 높았다. 전체 대상자의 다이옥신 섭취량은 육류, 난류, 어패류, 유지류, 조미료류 및 총 식품섭취량과 각각 유의한 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 이상의 연구결과를 종합할 때 식품을 통한 다이옥신 섭취량은 어촌 지역이 농촌이나 도시보다 높고 어패류나 동물성식품을 통한 섭취가 높았으나, 세 지역 모두 우리나라 내용(耐容) 1일 섭취량보다 낮아 안전한 수준이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제45권8호
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• pp.1138-1146
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• 2016

2014~2015년 서울시내 대형마트, 소형마트 및 재래시장 등에서 유통 중인 천연 및 단순가공 도라지 총 93건(깐도라지 53건, 피도라지 40건)의 알루미늄 잔류량을 분석한 결과 평균 및 95th percentile 알루미늄 잔류량은 72.989(0.54~564.38) mg/kg 및 471.32 mg/kg이었다. 깐도라지 53건의 평균 및 95th percentile 알루미늄 잔류량은 121.235(0.54~564.38) mg/kg 및 545.622 mg/kg이었으며, 피도라지 40건의 평균 및 95th percentile 알루미늄 잔류량은 9.063(0.72~28.05) mg/kg 및 26.379 mg/kg이었다. 단순가공 깐도라지의 평균 알루미늄 잔류량은 천연 상태 피도라지에 비해 13.4배 높은 수준으로 유의적인 차이가 있었다(P<0.001). 도라지의 알루미늄 분석값과 제6기 1차 연도(2013년)의 국민건강영양조사 중 영양조사(조사1일 전 식품섭취내용, 24시간 회상법)의 도라지 섭취량 평균값, 최소값, 최대값 및 95th percentile 값을 이용하여 단일값 분석을 실시하여 추정식이섭취량(estimated daily intake, EDI)을 산출한 결과 영양조사 대상자 전체(시나리오I)의 도라지 섭취를 통한 평균 알루미늄 EDI는 0.001(~1.363) mg/kg bw/d 였으며, 섭취자군(시나리오II)의 평균 및 95th percentile EDI는 각각 0.033(0.000~1.309) 및 0.610 mg/kg bw/d였다. 도라지 섭취량을 연중 일상섭취량으로 가정하여 추정주간식이섭취량(estimated weekly intake, EWI)을 산출하여 잠정주간섭취허용량(provisional tolerable weekly intake, PTWI)과 비교하여 평가한 결과 섭취자군(시나리오II)의 평균 추정주간식이섭취량은 0.231 mg/kg bw/week(23.1% PTWI)였다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제39권8호
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• pp.786-794
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to establish an association between the consumption of ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC), milk, and calcium within the context of the most current population dietary practice in Korea. Inadequate calcium intake among Korean children and adults is one of the important public health concern. Milk is one of the best calcium sources because or its bioavailability, and RTEC is one or the foods commonly consumed with milk. The most recent Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2001 dataset was used as the source of data for this research. Subjects excluding pregnant women, were categorized according to gender and age ($1{\sim}5,\;6{\sim}11,\;12{\sim}19,\;20{\sim}49,\;50+$ years) and then by consumption of RTEC and milk. SAS and SUDAAN were used for statistical analyses. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated, and multiple regression model with adjustment for covariates were used to determine the predictability of total daily calcium intake from inclusion of RTEC and milk compared to the meal without RTEC and milk. RTEC was consumed by 2.4% or Korean people. Average calcium intake was 17 times greater when RTEC was consumed with milk than when RTEC was consumed without milk. Respondents who consumed RTEC with milk had significantly higher mean daily calcium and other nutrient intakes than respondents who consumed neither. in the multiple regression analysis, milk consumption with or without RTEC predicted total daily calcium intake after adjusting for age, income, and alcohol consumption (p<0.0001). The percentage of respondents below the estimated average requirement (EAR) level for calcium was lower for RTEC consumers than for RTEC non-consumers in all age-gender groups, especially significant differences were in children aged $1{\sim}5$, boys and girls aged $12{\sim}19$, men aged $20{\sim}49$, and women older than 50 years of age. RTEC consumption was not associated with intake in excess of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for calcium. In conclusion, RTEC consumption was positively associated with both milk and calcium intakes in all age and gender groups in Korean population.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제17권
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• pp.25-35
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• 2001

In 1990, Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) of 10 pg TCDD/kg/day for dioxins based on carcinogenicity and reproductive toxicity was determined by WHO/EURO, that resulted in the establishment of TDIs in other countries. In Japan, Ministry of Health and Welfare and Environment Agency, respectively established the TDI of 10 pg TCDD/kg/day and Health Risk Assessment Index of 5 pg TCDD/kg/day in 1996. Accumulation of new scientific data, especially by molecular toxicology since 1990, resulted in the reevaluation of TDI by WHO-ECEH and IPCS in May, 1998. At this meeting, it was stressed that \circled1 toxic effects of dioxin is mediated through Ah-receptor in both animals and humans, \circled2 use of ebody burdeni concept is better than the use of traditional NOAEL/UF approach, \circled3 inclusion of coplanar PCBs in the TDI by the use of new WHO-TEF. LOAELs (0.16~200 ng TCDD/kg/day) obtained from reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity in rats, and neurobehavioral toxicity and induction of endometriosis in rhesus monkeys are calculated to be the body burden of 10~50 ng TCDD/kg that is 14~37 pg TEQ/kg/day as human daily intake. Finally TDI of 1~4 pg TEQ/kg/day was established by applying the UF of 10. In Japan, reproductive toxicity and immunotoxicity in rats were used to obtain LOAELs (100~200 ng TCDD/kg/day). Finally TDI of 4 pg TEQ/kg/day was established in June 1999 by applying the UF of 10 to human daily intake of 43.6 pg TEQ/kg/day which corresponds to the body burden of 86 ng TCDD/kg.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.121-128
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• 2005

Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was analyzed in various marine organisms of Korea. HCB was detected in all organism samples with residual concentrations from 0.51 to 222 pg/g wet weight. HCB residue was the highest content in crustacean, and followed by bivalves, fish, cephalopods and gastropods. The residues were comparable to or lower than those in marine organisms of other countries. Daily dietary intake of HCB from seafood was estimated to be 13.4 pg/kg body weight/day. The relative contribution of taxonomic group to the total dietary intake of HCB were in the order of crustaceans $(40.1\%)$, bivalves $(34.2\%)$, fish $(23.1\%)$, cephalopods $(2.22\%)$, and gastropods $(0.38\%)$. Daily dietary intake of HCB expressed as toxic equivalent (TEQ) value was estimated to be $1.34\times10^{-3}pg$ TEQ/kg body weight/day. This value did not exceed tolerable daily intake (TDI) proposed by the WHO, the UK toxicity committee and the KFDA. Cancer risk and target hazard quotient (THQ) due to the consumption of the marine organism in Korean adult population were evaluated using the exposure equation of food ingestion. This result suggests that dietary intake of HCB by the consumption of Korean seafood seems to be safe for human health with negligible cancer and non-cancer risks so far.