• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제27_28호
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• pp.27-56
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• 1994

Processes involving the change of vowel height are natural enough to be found in many languages. It is essential to have a better feature specification for vowel height to grasp these processes properly, Standard Phonology adopts the binary feature system, and vowel height is represented by the two features, i.e., [\pm high] and [\pm low]. This has its own merits. But it is defective because it is misleading when we count the number of features used in a rule to compare the naturalness of rules. This feature system also cannot represent more than three degrees of height, We wi31 discard the binary features for vowel height. We consider to adopt the multivalued feature [n high] for the property of height. However, this feature cannot avoid the arbitrariness resulting from the number values denoting vowel height. It is not easy to expect whether the number in question is the largest or not It also is impossible to decide whether a larger number denotes a higher vowel or a lower vowel. Furthermore this feature specification requires an ad hoc condition such as n > 3 or n \geq 2, whenever we want to refer to a natural class including more than one degree of height The altelnative might be Particle Phonology, or Dependency Phonology. These might be apt for multivalued vowel height systems, as their supporters argue. However, the feature specification of Particle Phonology will be discarded because it does not observe strictly the assumption that the number of the particle a is decisive in representing the height. One a in a representation can denote variant degrees of height such as [e], [I], [a], [a ] and [e ]. This also means that we cannot represent natural classes in terms of the number of the particle a, Dependency Phonology also has problems in specifying a degree of vowel height by the dependency relations between the elements. There is no unique element to represent vowel height since every property has to be defined in terms of the dependency relations between two or more elements, As a result it is difficult to formulate a rule for vowel height change, especially when the phenomenon involves a chain of vowel shifts. Therefore, we suggest a new feature specification for vowel height (see Chapter 3). This specification resorts to a single feature H and a few >'s which refer exclusively to the degree of the tongue height when a vowel is pronounced. It can cope with more than three degrees of height because it is fundamentally a multivalued scalar feature. This feature also obviates the ad hoc condition for a natural class while the [n high] type of multivalued feature suffers from it. Also this feature specification conforms to our expection that the notation should become simpler as the generality of the class increases, in that the fewer angled brackets are used, the more vowels are included, Incidentally, it has also to be noted that, by adopting a single feature for vowel height, it is possible to formulate a simpler version of rules involving the changes of vowel height especially when they involve vowel shifts found in many languages.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.157-170
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• 2002

연속적으로 방출되는 금강 담수에 의해 형성되는 풀룸(plume)의 구조와 분포를 시험하기 위해 전향력과 조석의 유무에 따른 3차원 수치모델 실험을 하였다. 조석없이 전향력이 포함된 경우 모델풀룸은 발달단계에서 남수로 북쪽에 시계방향 순환을 형성한다. 풀룸 확장이 진행되면 순환중심이 남서쪽으로 이동하며 남수로 입구에서부터 남서쪽으로 저염수의 유출 축 방향이 편향된다 이러한 결과는 외해의 강한 염분전선 때문에 하구입구 전방에서 누적되는 저염수에 의해 유지되는 해면경사에 의한 순압적 지형류 균형으로 설명된다. M$_2$분조를 포함하는 경우에는 모델풀룸이 북서쪽으로 멀리 확장하여 큰 혀모양의 염분분포를 이룬다. 외해역 풀룸의 조석주기 평균된 표층흐름은 주로 지형류 균형을 이룬다. 이러한 풀룸분포의 변화는 하구입구 외측에서 저염수를 북쪽으로 공급하는 조류이동에 의한 저염수 이류와 풀룸을 따라 평균해면을 높이고 북쪽 천해연안역 표층염분을 증가시키는 활발한 조류혼합에 의한 것으로 설명된다. 관측된 금강 풀룸의 주된 형태(Lee et at., 1999;최 등, 1999)는 하구 입구역에서부터 풀룸 축이 북서쪽으로 편향되고 북쪽으로 풀룸 두께가 깊어지는데 이러한 특징은 조석이 포함된 모델에서 잘 재현되었다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.6059-6062
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• 2012

Regional cancer epidemiology is an important basis for determining the priorities for cancer control in different countries worldwide. There is no reliable information about the pattern of head and neck cancer in western Nepal and hence an attempt was here made to evaluate the situation based on hospital data, which provide the only source in the western region of Nepal. A clinicopathological analysis of head and neck cancers treated between 2003 and 2006 in Manipal Teaching Hospital affiliated to Manipal College of Medical Sciences, Pokhara, Western Development Region, Nepal was performed. A total of 105 head and neck cancer cases were identified with a male to female ratio of 1.8:1. The median ages of male and female patients were 62 and 64 years, respectively. Ninety-seven (92.4%) of the cancer patients were suffering from carcinoma, three (2.9%) had blastoma, three (2.9%) had sarcoma, and two (1.9%) had lymphoma. The majority (61.9%) of carcinoma cases were squamous cell carcinoma followed by anaplastic carcinoma (7.2%). Of the carcinoma cases, the most common site of primary lesion was larynx (19.6%), followed by the thyroid (14.4%), the tongue and hypopharynx with 10.3% cases each. Comparative analysis among males and females did not reveal any sex difference in type of head and neck cancers. The head and neck cancer pattern revealed by the present study provides valuable leads to cancer epidemiology in western Nepal and useful information for health planning and cancer control, and future research in western Nepal.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.4379-4386
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• 2013

Projection of cancer incidence is essential for planning cancer control actions, health care and allocation of resources. Here we project the cancer burden at the National and State level to understand the magnitude of cancer problem for the various calendar years from 2011 to 2026 at 5-yearly intervals. The age, sex and site-wise cancer incidence data along with populations covered by the registries were obtained from the report of National Cancer Registry Programme published by Indian Council of Medical Research for the period 2001-2004. Pooled age sex specific cancer incidence rates were obtained by taking weighted averages of these seventeen registries with respective registry populations as weights. The pooled incidence rates were assumed to represent the country's incidence rates. Populations of the country according to age and sex exposed to the risk of development of cancer in different calendar years were obtained from the report of Registrar General of India providing population projections for the country for the years from 2001 to 2026. Population forecasts were combined with the pooled incidence rates to estimate the projected number of cancer cases by age, sex and site of cancer at various 5-yearly periods Viz. 2011, 2016, 2021 and 2026. The projections were carried out for the various leading sites as well as for 'all sites' of cancer. In India, in 2011, nearly 1,193,000 new cancer cases were estimated; a higher load among females (603,500) than males (589,800) was noted. It is estimated that the total number of new cases in males will increased from 0.589 million in 2011 to 0.934 million by the year 2026. In females the new cases of cancer increased from 0.603 to 0.935 million. Three top most occurring cancers namely those of tobacco related cancers in both sexes, breast and cervical cancers in women account for over 50 to 60 percent of all cancers. When adjustments for increasing tobacco habits and increasing trends in many cancers are made, the estimates may further increase. The leading sites of cancers in males are lung, oesophagus, larynx, mouth, tongue and in females breast and cervix uteri. The main factors contributing to high burden of cancer over the years are increase in the population size as well as increase in proportion of elderly population, urbanization, and globalization. The cancer incidence results show an urgent need for strengthening and augmenting the existing diagnostic/treatment facilities, which are inadequate even to tackle the present load.

• 치위생과학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.20-28
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• 2013

생활스트레스는 점차 복잡하고 다양화되어 가는 현대사회에서 구강건강에 중요한 문제로 대두되고 있다. 본 연구는 2012년 7월 1일부터 10월 30일까지 460명의 성인을 대상으로 생활스트레스가 구강증상에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 일반적인 특성에 따른 생활스트레스의 차이 결과 연령, 수입, 직종, 흡연유무에 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 2. 일반적 특성에 따른 구강증상의 차이는 연령, 교육수준, 수입, 직종, 전신질환 음주와 흡연 습관에서 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 3. 신체적, 행동상, 심리 감정상 스트레스의 수준에 따른 구강증상의 차이는 신체적, 심리 감정상 증후는 입술 볼, 혀, 치아 잇몸, 악관절 증상에서 유의한 차이를 나타냈으며, 행동상 증후는 입술 볼, 혀. 악관절 증상에서 유의한 차이를 나타냈다. 4. 생활스트레스가 구강증상에 미치는 영향은 신체적 증후 (p<0.01), 행동상 증후(p<0.05), 심리 감정상 증후(p<0.05)는 입술 볼, 혀 증상에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 신체적, 심리 감정상 증후는 치아 잇몸 증상에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났으며, 심리 감정상(p<0.01), 신체적 징후(p<0.01)는 악관절 증상에 유의한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이처럼 생활 스트레스는 입술 볼, 혀 및 구강점막에 더 많은 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 신체적, 심리 감정스트레스를 포함한 행동상 스트레스 증상까지 발생할 경우 다발성 구강질환이 더 많이 나타날 가능성을 본 결과를 통해 입증할 수 있었으며, 추후 스트레스와 구강점막 질환과의 관계를 좀 더 구체적으로 살펴 볼 필요가 있다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.169-180
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• 2007

Objective : This study was to explore the change of new outpatients in ophthalmology, otolaryngology, dermatology. Methods : We did stastical analysis about 4638 new outpatients who had visited the department of ophthalmology, otolaryngology, dermatology in Kyunghee oriental medicine center from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2006 and had ophthalmologic, otologic, rhinologic, laryngologic and dermatologic diseases. Results : The results were as follows. 1. Distribution of ophthalmology, otology, rhinology, laryngology and dermatology classification in new outpatients was 44.74% in dermatology the most, 26.50% in rhinology, 14.45% in otology, 8.78% in ophthalmology, 5.54% in laryngology. In all classifications except ophthalmology, outpatients increased, but the proportion of outpatients increased the most in dermatology. 2. The proportion of the new outpatients in ophthalmology was 20.15% in 51-60 years old the most. And 36.61% in dry eye the most, next 27.03% in visual disorder, 10.07% in strabismus. The proportion of the new outpatients in ophthalmology in strabismus decreased by 43.93 percent point but in dry eye increased by 32.17 percent point. 3. The proportion of the new outpatients in otology was 24.94% in 61+ years old the most. And 64.03% in tinnitus, hearing loss the most, next 17.46% in vertigo, dizziness. By 17.36 percent point, it in tinnitus, hearing loss decreased. But in vertigo, dizziness increased by 14.91 percent point. 4. The proportion of the new outpatients in rhinology was 40.93% in 0-10 years old the most. And it increased by 20.08 percent point. 69.30% in rhinitis the most but it decreased by 17.70 percent point. But 32.59% in sinusitis, that means it increased by 14.41 percent point. 5. The proportion of the new outpatients in laryngology was 68.09% in female, 23.35% in 51-60 years old the most. And it was 29.96% in laryngopharyngitis, 19.07% in stomatitis, 14.40% in the diseases of tongue. 6. The proportion of the new outpatients in dermatology was 37.21% in 21-30 years old the most.And it was 22.93% in atopic dermatitis the most, next 14.77% in urticaria. That means it increased by 8.19 percent point. But the proportion of the new outpatients in dermatology decreaed in acne, pruritus. Conclusions : We could know that there had been many changes of new outpatients in ophthalmology, otolaryngology, dermatology

• 한국인구학
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.255-286
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• 2001

해외로 이주한 이민자들의 언어능력 계발은 이민국 내에서 경제적으로 적응하는데 있어 중요한데, 이는 현지사회에서의 언어 소통능력이 이민국의 노동시장에 얼마나 적합한지 나타내는 이민자의 기술 수준 중에서 중요한 부분을 차지하기 때문이다. 게다가 언어는 이민자가 사회에 적응하고, 다양한 인종과 민족집단으로 구성된 미국과 같은 사회에서 사회적, 정치적 응집력을 나타내는 이민자의 기술 수준 중에서 중요한 부분을 차지하기 때문이다. 게다가 언어는 이민자가 사회에 적응하고, 다양한 인종과 민족 집단으로 구성된 미국과 같은 사회에서 사회적, 정치적 응집력을 나타내는 데 매우 중요한 역할을 담당한다. 이 연구의 주 목적은 미국 내의 한국인과 다른 아시아 이주자들의 영어능력에 대한 결정요인을 분석하는 것이다. 본 연구의 분석을 위해서 질적, 양적인 측면에서 가장 대표성을 담보하고 있는 미국의 센서스 자료(PUMS, A, 5%)를 이용하였다. 서열화된 범주를 가지고 있는 영어사용능력의 질적 격차를 분석하기 위해서 본 연구에서 사용된 통계기법은 Ordered Probit이다. 분석 결과는 미국에 오래 거주한 경우, 가족 중에 자녀가 있는 경우, 모국어가 보다 적게 사용되는 지역에 거주하는 경우, 이주를 할 때의 연령이 보다 낮은 경우, 학력이 보다 높은 경우에 영어를 보다 유창하게 사용한다는 사실을 알 수 있었다. 하지만, 아시아 이민자들의 영어사용능력의 수준은 출신국별 이민역사와 모국어의 차이별로 두드러진 차이가 존재하였다.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.824-835
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• 2009

Objectives : The purpose of this study was identified about oral health status and oral health needs of elderly. Moreover this study would be based further research of development of oral health in elderly. Methods : This study was undertaken to determine the oral health status and the need of oral management of over 65years elderly who were with dental prosthesis in elderly welfare center and Kyung Ro Dong in Kyung Bok and Kyung Nam. The results were as follows. Results : The sample was 200 participants. The demographical characteristic were that 74.0% of participant was female, 29.0% of participant was 75~79 years old, 42.5% of participant was under elementary, and 45.5% of participant was living alone. 43.7% of participant was pain from muscle-skeletal disease, 37.1% of participant was cardiac-vascular disease, and 31.1% of participant was ophthalmic disease. In oral health status, 54.5% of participant was partly artificial tooth and 45% of participant was whole artificial tooth. 78.0% of participant used under 10 years with partly artificial tooth and only 27.4% were satisfaction with artificial tooth. 83.5% of participant used under 10 years with whole artificial tooth and only 26.4% were satisfaction with artificial tooth. In the oral health status of partly artificial tooth, the average of toothbrush was 2 times, 42.2%. The majority method of toothbrush was 'their own freely' 55.0%. The time of toothbrush was 'after meal' 81.8%. The study result showed that majority participant didn't experience of tongue brush, regular examination, scaling, and oral health education. In the need of oral management with the whole artificial tooth, the participant who used longer artificial tooth was significantly higher about artificial irrigation and the method of management(p<.05). The need of participant who answered 'don't gum massage', was higher of xerostomia treatment(p<.01) and halitosis treatment(p<.05). In the need of oral management with the partly artificial tooth, the participant who used longer artificial tooth was significantly higher about regular examination(p<.01), oral cavity massage(p<.05), scaling(p<.05), dental caries treatment(p<.01). The need of participant who answered 'don't satisfaction with artificial tooth' was higher of regular examination and scaling(p<.05). Conclusions : Oral management needs of elderly who kept artificial tooth or denture required were regular dental examination, xerostomia management, management of artificial tooth and irrigation, and management of bad breath. This results meaned the oral health intervention program for elderly was developed regularly.

• 한국치위생학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.487-495
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• 2015

Objectives: The purpose of the study was to investigate the associated factors with oral health behavior in public health majoring students. Methods: Using convenience sampling method, the subjects were 474 health-related majoring students in Jeollanamdo. A self-reported questionnaire was completed from September 1 to 15, 2014. The questionnaire consisted of general characteristics of the subjects, oral health related characteristics, oral health knowledge and behavior. Data were analyzed using SAS 9.3 version. T-test, ANOVA, correlation and multiple linear regression analyses were performed to evaluate the related factors with oral health behavior. Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ in oral health knowledge in this study was 0.52 and that in oral health behavior was 0.80. Results: The overall score of oral health behavior was $3.38{\pm}0.52$. Of all behaviors, the practice in brush of teeth and tongue had the highest mean score. In multiple regression analysis, oral health knowledge in the nursing and dental hygiene students was positively associated with the oral health behavior(${\beta}=0.04$, p=0.003, ${\beta}=0.23$, p=0.003, and ${\beta}=0.18$, p=0.034, respectively). Necessity of dental care, one of oral symptom, and more than two oral symptoms were negatively associated with oral health behavior(${\beta}=-0.14$, p=0.002, ${\beta}=-0.11$, p=0.037, and ${\beta}=-0.17$, p=0.011, respectively). Conclusions: Higher oral health knowledge showed higher levels of oral health behavior. These results will enhance the quality of oral health behavior by increasing the level of oral health knowledge. The optimal oral health education program would be able to improve oral health behavior by increasing the level of oral health knowledge.

• Archives of Reconstructive Microsurgery
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.146-156
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• 1998

저자들은 1997년 1월부터 1998년 7월까지 두경부 악성종양 및 반안면왜소증과 같은 선천성 안면기형을 주소로 본원에 내원하였던 환자 9명을 대상으로 하여 9례의 외측대퇴 유리피판술을 시행하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, 두경부 재건에 있어서 외측대퇴 유리피판은 다른 유리피판술에 비해 여러 장점을 가지고 있었다. 특히, 공여부 추형이 노출되지 않는 부위이며 동시에 두팀이 수술에 참여할 수 있어서 수술시간이 단축될 수 있었다. 둘째, 술후 방사선치료를 시행하면 피판의 모발은 사라지지만 모공의 과각화증 및 색조 침착이 증가하므로, 외측대퇴부에 모발이 많은 환자는 술후 방사선치료의 여부와 관계없이 미용적인 금기사항에 해당한다. 셋째, 악성종양 절제후에 발생하는 결손의 재건시 피판의 두께가 문제시 되지 않았으며, 피판의 두께는 피판을 도안할 때의 위치, 성(sex), 피하지방층의 제거정도, 근육의 포함 정도, 술 후 피판의 위축정도에 따라 조절 가능하였다. 넷째, 모든 증례에서 정맥이식없이 혈관문합이 가능하였으므로 두경부 재건시 혈관경의 길이는 충분한 것으로 사료된다. 다섯째, 가능한 피판을 장축으로 길게 도안하여 두 번째 또는 네 번째 관통동맥을 포함시켜 수술 후 발생할지도 모르는 혈류부전에 대비하는 것도 피판의 생존률을 높이는 좋은 방법으로 사료된다.