• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.63-68
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• 2007

Alveolar soft-part sarcoma(ASPS) is a rare, aggressive malignancy of uncertain histologic origin with a propensity for vascular invasion and distant metastasis. ASPS may mimic benign vascular neoplams of malformation but careful evaluation of the unique imaging features on CT scans, MR images, and angiograms lead to the correct diagnosis. ASPS of the tongue is slow-growing, painless mass, especially ASPS of the base the tongue is difficult to be noticed by patient, dentists or oral and maxillofacial surgeons on oral examintion because of its location and clinical resemblance to a benign lesion. And it leads to delayed or inadequate diagnosis. We report radiologic and clinical features of an ASPS of the basal portion of the tongue in a 17-year-old boy, showing normal appearance, but palpation of the tongue and floor of the mouth reveals the tumor. Among the 23 cases of a primary ASPS of tongue reported, 7 cases occured on the basal region of the tongue, inculding the present one. There has been no recurrence or metastasis as of 3 years postoperatively.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.1219-1223
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• 2006

Tongue is one of the most important parts in patient diagnosis in traditional Korean(Chinese) medicine. This paper presents health monitoring method using tongue images of a person. The method uses not absolute tongue features but relative ones which are differences from reference health condition(RHC), diagnosed in hospital, for a person. A user can give tongue images to a health monitoring system everyday, which extracts regions of interest (ROI's) of the tongue, and compares their features with reference health condition. In the experiments, tongue image analysis for a person by our computerized method encouraged us that the method using tongue images can be contributed for health monitoring.

• Archives of Craniofacial Surgery
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.139-151
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• 2022

Reconstructive surgery in the management of head and neck cancer has evolved to include structure-specific approaches in which organ-specific treatment algorithms help optimize outcomes. Tongue cancer management and reconstruction are surgical challenges for which well-executed reconstructive plans should be completed promptly to avoid delaying any subsequently planned oncologic treatment. Crucial considerations in tongue cancer resection are the significant functional morbidity associated with surgical defects, particularly in terms of speech and swallowing, and the consequent negative impact on patients' quality of life. With the evolution of microsurgical techniques and the development of the perforator flap concept, flap options can be tailored to the characteristics of various tongue defects. This has allowed the implementation of pliable flaps that can help restore tongue mobility and yield subsequent functional outcomes. Using an evolutional framework, we present this series of reviews related to tongue reconstruction. The first part of the review summarizes flap options and flap-related factors, such as volume and tissue characteristics. Related functional aspects are also presented, including tongue mobility, speech, and swallowing, as well as ways to evaluate and optimize these outcomes.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.125-131
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• 2016

Tongue image segmentation is critical for automation of the tongue diagnosis system. However, most image segmentation methods for tongue diagnosis systems in oriental medicine have been proposed as user-based manual types or semi-automatic types. This study proposed a new method for tongue image segmentation, which is the most important image processing stage for complete automation of the tongue diagnosis system in oriental medicine. The proposed method improved the conventional snake algorithm, by making improvement on the internal energy function so that, as the points move outward reversely, the snake energy function is minimized, by using the image characteristics of tongue images. To calculate external energy, hierarchical spatial filtering is applied to ensure resistance against noise. Also, The proposed method was tested by using sample images and actual images, and showed more robustness against the background noise than the conventional snake algorithm. And, when one selected point was moved by the improved snake algorithm, energy values at the starting, middle, and end points were analyzed, and showed robustness that does not fall in the local minima.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.427-431
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• 2006

From 51 monographs of case record in Qing Dynasty, we chose 29 monographs in which tongue diagnosis applied to Warm disease. Then extracted all the case records and got 488 cases from them. In according to the classification of tongue diagnosis in teaching material of TCM diagnosis of higher TCM schools education, we had a statistic analysis on the 488 cases. Results show that the recording rate of tongue coating was highest, 65.16%. From high to low sequentially, the frequency of different fur was yellow fur, white fur and black fur. During $1850{\sim}1911$ of Qing Dynasty, the description of tongue coating changed that the proportion of white fur, yellow fur and compound fur was increased. On the contrary, the proportion of black fur was decreased. The recording rate of the color of tongue was 23.16%, in which the rate of red tongue and crimson tongue were higher. The recording rate of fur character was 37.7%. During $1850{\sim}1911$ of Qing Dynasty, the recording rate of greasy fur was increased to the first. The application of tongue diagnosis involves the warm-heat species of Warm Disease, damp-heat species of Warm Disease and pestilence.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.310-317
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• 2002

We have examined 20 tongue-tie patients who had been operated the lingual frenectomy in Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial surgery, Pusan National University for the effect of the lingual frenectomy on the tongue motion and speech, and divided patients into groups by age. Each group was separated as follows ; the age of 5-6, 7-9, 10-12, 13-15, and 16-18. We measured the frenal lengh, the range of tongue motion and evaluated the speech pre- and postoperatively. The preoperative patient groups have larger tongue tips and smaller lingual frenums than normal ones. In the preoperative patient group, there was significant obstacle of the protrusive and superior movement of the tongue. The exception was the laterotrusive movement on both sides. There was the lower value of the Picture Consonant Articulation Test(PCAT) in the preoperative 5 to 6 year-old group compared with normal group. In other age groups, there was no significant difference. The range of postoperative PCAT in all age groups has become as similiar as that of normal group. The 5 to 6 year-old group which had significant difference in PCAT was improved in PCAT. In conclusion, we propose that the PCAT as well as anatomical tongue size and functional tongue movement is the basis of the indication of lingual frenectomy and the 5-6 year-old is the optimal time of the lingual frenectomy for improvement of the tongue movement and the speech.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.164-171
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• 2000

Purpose : This study was aimed at measuring the changes in the hyoid bone position, tongue position, and pharyngeal airway space in subjects with mandibular setback osteotomies. Methods : Twenty patients were evaluated retrospectively for their changes in pharyngeal airway space, tongue and hyoid bone positions. All patients underwent surgical mandibular setback using bilateral sagittal split osteotomies. The cephalometric analysis was performed preoperatively, and 1 week, 3-6 months, and 1 year postoperatively. Result : The hyoid bone moved inferiorly and posteriorly immediately after surgery, and it returned to the preoperative position during follow-up period. The nasopharyngeal airway space was not significantly changed after surgery. A considerable decrease in the oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal airway spaces following mandibular setback surgery was found. The upper and lower tongue was posteriorly repositioned immediately after surgery. During follow-up period, the hypopharyngeal airway space and lower tongue posture returned to the preoperative positions, but the oropharyngeal airway space and upper tongue posture were not significantly changed. The position of pogonion remarkably changed to backward immediately after surgery, but slightly anterior advancement was found during follow-up period. Conclusion : Immediately after mandibular setback surgery, the oropharyngeal and hypopharyngeal airway spaces obviously decreased due to posterior and inferior repositions of the tongue and hyoid bone. During follow-up period, lower tongue and hyoid bone returned to the preoperative positions, it was related to advancement of the pogonion in this period. The narrowing of the oropharyngeal airway space and posterior movement of the upper tongue posture were relatively permanent after mandibular setback surgery. We suspected this phenomenon had an influence on maintaining the total volume of oral cavity against mandibular setback.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.51-65
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• 2016

Objectives This study was conducted to suggest a standard operating procedure (SOP) in order to improve the reliability of tongue-image analysis system. Methods An affecting-factors list was made, which may affect the diagnostic parameters of the tongue-image analysis system. They were sub-classified into two groups: controllable and uncontrollable. Only the controllable factors, which could affect the results and easily set-up, were included into the SOP draft. Affecting factors control experiment was performed to investigate the effects of controllable factors, whose influence on diagnostic parameters of the tongue-image analysis system is ambiguous: rehearsal for tongue extrusion; alignment of camera axis; and presentation of a guideline. Three subjects volunteered for this experiment. Each of three variables was implemented twice in a random order by two operators on the subjects. Finally, 96 tongue images obtained in the aggregate. The diagnostic parameter set as a primary outcome in this experiment was the percentage of tongue coating. Results All of the control variables were not significant in both operators; however, the presentation of a guideline was relatively more affect than two other variables. Interaction effects among the variables were also insignificant. Therefore, the presentation of a guideline was included in the final SOP and the other variables were not included. Conclusions We suggested the SOP which could be used for both experimenter and subject. Moreover, Each of the SOPs applied to various types of tongue-image analysis system should be developed in order to improve the reliability.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.112-120
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to analyze whether quantitative evaluation of the color of the tongue substance using $L^*a^*b^*$ color coordinates system could minimize the problems arising from the different illuminating conditions or not. In controlled 4 different illuminating conditions (by natural light, flashlight, f-number, shutter speed),12 healthy subjects were photographed of their tongue substance through a digital camera (C-2100uz, Olympus Co.), both on the top surface and on the bottom surface of the tongue substance by two examiners, twice at 3 day intervals. Clinician evaluation was also performed grading the redness of the tongue substance in the form of 5-points scale by 6 clinicians. As a result, there was no significant difference in color differences between the color of the tongue substance and the reference red card in the 4 different illuminating conditions. Intra-rater reliability was satisfied and even though limitedly, inter-rater reliability was satisfied. Color differences were significantly correlated with the results by the clinicians, although they were applicable limitedly to specific illuminating conditions. Our results indicate that the application of the color differences in tongue diagnosis could not only evaluate the color information quantitatively, but also minimize the problems arising from the different illuminating conditions and that there was the significant difference in the visual evaluation of the red color of the tongue substance, both between the clinicians and between the illuminating conditions.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.45-49
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative strain elastography of tongue carcinoma using intraoral ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: Two patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) who underwent quantitative strain elastography for the diagnosis of tongue lesions using intraoral ultrasonography were included in this prospective study. Strain elastography was performed using a linear 14 MHz transducer (Aplio 300; Canon Medical Systems, Otawara, Japan). Manual light compression and decompression of the tongue by the transducer was performed to achieve optimal and consistent color coding. The variation in tissue strain over time caused by the compression exerted using the probe was displayed as a strain graph. The integrated strain elastography software allowed the operator to place circular regions of interest (ROIs) of various diameters within the elastography window, and automatically displayed quantitative strain (%) for each ROI. Quantitative indices of the strain (%) were measured for normal tissues and lesions in the tongue. Results: The average strain of normal tissue and tongue SCC in a 50-year-old man was 1.468% and 0.000%, respectively. The average strain of normal tissue and tongue SCC in a 59-year-old man was 1.007% and 0.000%, respectively. Conclusion: We investigated the quantitative strain elastography of tongue carcinoma using intraoral ultrasonography. Strain elastography using intraoral ultrasonography is a promising technique for characterizing and differentiating normal tissues and SCC in the tongue.