• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.39-50
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to inquire clinical meaning and characteristic of Eight extra meridians(奇經八脈) by researching building and progression of Eight extra meridians theory. Results : As a result of research of building and progression of Eight extra meridians(奇經八脈) theory, we can regard that the origin of Eight extra meridians was based on lower Danjeon(丹田) which was the root of Primordial energy and the origin of the Twelve meridians and collaterals(十二經脈) was based on Middle energizer which was the root of Acquired energy. On this, we could know that Eight extra meridians and the Twelve meridians and collaterals are based on Primordial energy and Acquired energy and function of Eight extra meridians and the Twelve meridians and collaterals are complement each other. So, we can say that considering the Twelve meridians and collaterals means that is valued on Acquired energy clinically, and considering Eight extra meridians means that is valued on Primordial energy in health preserving method (養生).

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.87-93
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• 2005

Objectives : The aims of this study were to observe how effect bell sound, water sound and drum sound have on origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis, and to practice it clinically. Methods : Firstly, ire measured origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis, after we relieved a subject for 10 minutes. Secondly, we measured origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis, after a subject listened to bell sound, water sound and drum sound for 3 minutes. Results : Through testing the effects of bell sound, water sound and drum sound on numerical values of origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis, we had follows; 1. On bell sound, the numerical values of origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis descended from 38.8 to 28.8 in left, and from 40.4 to 30.8 in right. 2. On water sound, the numerical values of origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis descended from 55.4 to 39.4 in left, and from 56.0 to 41.9 in right. 3. On drum sound, the numerical values of origin regions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis descended from 39.1 to 30.1 in left, and from 38.4 to 38.0 in right. Conclusion : Through testing the effects of tone sounds on numerical values of origin lesions for acupuncture of twelve meridians by yangdorak diagnosis, we confirmed that change of tone colors go by five elemental theory rule and have effect on enery and blood metabolism.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.71-87
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• 2013

Subject : The physiological characteristic of Eight Extra Meridians. Objective : This study research physiological characteristic of Eight Extra Meridians that differentiate from the physiological characteristic of Twelve Regular Meridians. Method : First, we researched the meaning of "There are Eight Extra Meridians and they don't be arrested by Twelve Regular Meridians" in Nanjing 27Nan compared with the contents of regular Meridians circulation in Huangdineijing. Second, we studied on the origin of Eight Extra Meridians and researched their route. Third, from these researches we drew some physiological characteristics of Eight Extra Meridians. Conclusion : In Huangdineijing, the regular Meridians circulation include the route of Governor Meridian, Conception Meridian, and Heel Meridian. So the sentence in Nanjing 27Nan is contradictory to the contents of Huangdineijing. The origin of Eight Extra Meridians could be found in Huangdineijing. The collateral Meridians of the Uterus and Epiglottis Meridian are specifically formulated to supplying for the Uterus or Epiglottis. Eight Extra Meridians have third qualities of Meridian, collateral Meridian, and the solid viscera keep the Essence Gi, so named 'Extra'. And they have an intimate association with Extraordinary Organs. They place at the middle axis of human body, thus do higher physiological function that control and regulate the function of Twelve Regular Meridians and Five Viscera & six Bowels for adaptation to the environment.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.208-217
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• 2014

Objectives and Methods : This study is to understand the properties and functions of twelve meridians. It aims to understand the meaning of the meridian names, and to study the properties of the six qi and the method of movement of the meridians by analyzing the six qi of the three yin and three yang from a meteorological perspective. The functions of twelve meridians based on the relationship between the operation of the internal organs and the meridians are then examined. Results and Conclusions : (1) The three yin and three yang includes the properties of six qi at the meridians. (2) The fundamental qi at reverting yin meridian lesser yin meridian and greater yin meridian has the properties of wind, heat and dampness, respectively, which are yang qi, while the fundamental qi at lesser yang meridian, yang brightness meridian and greater yang meridian has the properties of ministerial fire, dryness and cold, respectively, which are yin qi. (3) In the circulation of meridian qi, yang qi ascends at yin meridians while yin qi descends at yang meridians. (4) Three yin meridians belonging to the viscera help the function of intestines, which saves essence qi and then makes it go upward, while three yang meridians belonging to the bowels help the function of converting foodstuff and making it go downward. (5) In the human body, the internal organs play the primary role, and the meridians serve as helpers of the functioning of the internal organs by controlling the six qi.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.151-160
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• 2001

Objective : Assuming that the characteristic of meridian system has been similar to this of electric potentials in human body and that measurements of electric potential at well(井穴) and sea(合穴) points in branches of the twelve meridians will be representative of measurements of the twelve meridians, to measure the electric potentials in twenty aged and fifty aged healthy volunteers groups at sleeping(SG) and awakening(AG), and then to find out the characteristic of meridian system among 2 groups. Methods : We selected who thirty healthy volunteers were diagnosed by a blood test, urine examination and differentiation of syndromes by five viscera(五臟辨證) among volunteers. Their electric potential of well and sea points in the meridians were simultaneously measured by physiograph. Results : Measurements were analyzed by statistical factor analysis, we obtained that the both left and right side electric potential of well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians were unclearly divided into four factors according to age and whether sleeping or not, which were the three Yin meridians of the hand, the three Yang channels of the hand, the three Yin meridians of the foot, and the three Yin meridians of the foot. Conclusion : In conclusion, using the sequently measuring method, we obtained that electrical potentials of well and sea points in branches of the twelves meridians were divided into two factors, but the simultaneously measuring method, those were divided into four factors. The latter result means that the electrical potentials of twelve meridians were reflected by the function of the viscera and bowels.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.27-63
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• 2001

The phrase 'Gyeong Su' in the twelve gyeong su(經水) indicate twelve lower reaches of rivers and lakes which are located in the center of China. The reason of this chapter called 'twelve gyeong su(經水)' is that the ki(氣) circulation through twelve meridians in the human body is similar to constant flow of twelve lower reaches of rivers and lakes. This chapter is divided into five sub chapters, according to its contents as follows, Chapter 1 deals with the correlation between twelve gyeong su and twelve meridians, Chapter 2 deals with the correlation between universe and human body, Chapter 3 deals with the definite example of the correlation between human body and universe and Um-Yang(陰陽), Chapter 4 deals with most proper acupuncturing depth and remain time of acupuncture according to the theory of man, as a microcosm, is connected with the macrocosm(天人相應) and more or less of moxibustion amount, Chapter 5 deals with acupuncture application according to height, age, body shape of patients.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.35-52
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• 2015

Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of smoking on the skin bio-electrical capacitance at twelve source points. Methods: Twenty healthy male subjects were assigned to smoking and sham-smoking by a random cross-over design. Skin bio-electrical capacitance was measured at twelve source points for 10 minutes before and after smoking. The change of skin bio-electrical capacitance was analysed. Results: 1. The skin bio-electrical capacitance at LU9, PC7 and LR3 was significantly increased after smoking. 2. In the smoking group, the skin bio-electrical capacitance at the source points of Hand Yin meridians significantly increased compared to that of Foot Yin and Hand Yang meridians. Conclusions: Smoking significantly increased the skin bio-electrical capacitance at the source points of Lung, Pericardium and Liver meridians. Hand Yin meridians appear to be more vulnerable to smoking than other meridians.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.148-162
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• 1994

A Literature study was done for identifying the effects of Bloodletting on C.V.A. The major results of the study were as follows. 1. The frequency of points of Bloodletting on C.V.A. were in order Twelve well point, Ship son, Gold SalivaJade Fluid, Paekoe, Chungchung, Sugu, Sosang, Taechu, Wijung, Kwanchung, etc. 2. The frequency of meridians of Bloodletting on C.V.A. were in order Extra-point, Tongmaek-kyong, Su-gworum-Shimpo-Kyong, Susoyang-Samcho-Kyong, Sutaeum-Pye-Kyong, Choktaeyang-Panggwang-Kyong. ete. 3. The frequency of the site of points of Bloodletting on C.V.A. were in order four extremities, face, neck and head, etc. 4. The effects of Bloodletting on C.V.A. is clear away heat and alleviate pain, therapy for waking up a patient from unconsciousness, dredge the meridian passage, expel wind-evil and promote blood circulation, emergency treatment for collapse, etc, 5. The effects of Bloodletting on the early stage of C.V.A. were wake up the patient from unconsciousness by clearing away the heat and The effects of Bloodletting on sequence of C.V.A. were dredge the meridian passage, 6. The frequency of points and meridians of Bloodletting on Hemiplegia were in order Twelve well point, Kyonjong, Extra-point, Chok soyang-Tam-Kyong, etc. 7. The frequency of points and meridians of Bloodletting on Aphasia were in order Gold Saliva Jade Fluid, Amun, Extra-point, Tongmaek-Kyong, etc. 8. The frequency of points and meridians of Bloodletting on Quadriplegia were in order Ship son, Twelve well point, Koktaek, Wijung, Extra-point, Chok soyang-Tam-Kyong, etc. 9, The frequency of points and meridians of Bloodletting on Vertigo were in order Four Gods Cleverness, Tuyu. Chanjuk, Paekoe, Taeyang, Extra-point, Yang-Kyong, etc. 10. The frequency of points and meridians of Bloodletting on Headache were in order Taeyang, Paekoe, Taechu, Extra-point, Tongmaek-Kyong, Yang-Kyong, etc. 11. The points and meridians of Bloodletting on Bells palsy were Chichang, Hyopko in Yangmyong-Kyong.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.49-67
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• 2014

Subject : The Association between Extraordinary Organs(奇恒之腑) and Eight Extra Meridians(奇經 八脈). Objectives : This study research some special aspects of Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians which differentiated from ordinary Organs and Meridians, and the association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Methods : First, researched classification standard and physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs through studying various chapters of HuangdiNeijing. Second, researched The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians through studying on the origin of Eight Extra Meridians in HuangdiNeijing. Third, from accompanying researching the subject of Cheon-gye(天癸) and human body shape, draw synthetic hypothesis on the relationship among ordinary Meridians and Organs, muscles and skins of body shape, Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians. Results & Conclusions : The following conclusions could be drawn. 1. Extraordinary Organs afford background for shaping human body. This is same as the properties of the earth which afford background for shaping all creations. The physiological characteristics of Extraordinary Organs is intermediation and regulation between Ki(氣) of Five Viscera & six Bowels and shape of muscles & skins in human body. 2. The origin of Eight Extra Meridians could be found in HuangdiNeijing. The collateral Meridians of the Uterus and Epiglottis Meridian are specifically formulated to supplying for the Uterus or Epiglottis. From this we can draw The Association between Extraordinary Organs and Eight Extra Meridians, that is Eight Extra Meridians are specifically formulated to supplying for Extraordinary Organs. 3. The Cheon-gye(天癸) is doing significant function in Eight Extra Meridians supplying for Extraordinary Organs. Cheon-gye concerned to growth, secondary sexual characters, generative function, aging process. Theses are all concerned with the changing of human body shape. Cheon-gye urge to change the body shape with following the human life cycle. 4. Human body has vertical symmetry because preserve its shape from the gravitational force. Eight Extra Meridians place at the middle or flank axis of human body, thus do physiological function that assistant human body have vertical symmetry shape. The purpose of shaping vertical symmetry is securing space what the inner Twelve Regular Meridians and Five Viscera & six Bowels create there own physical changes. On the other hand the inner changes need deviation between left and right because of mobility and circulation of force. But human body change the shape in the process of growth, reproduction, aging. Eight Extra Meridians play role at time of these processing, thus they deeply concerned to human's life cycle and reproduction. 5. Eight Extra Meridians and Extraordinary Organs were named 'Extra' because of some special aspects which differentiated from ordinary Meridians and Organs. All they play role to have vertical symmetry shape of human body and maintain the shape, thus they deeply concerned to the change of human life cycle. These shaping maintaining and the change of human life cycle are very special aspects of human body. So they needed to differently cognize separate to the ordinary changes of Five Viscera & six Bowels and Twelve Meridians at inner space.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.3 s.67
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• pp.132-144
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• 2006

Objectives: In order to improve our understanding of the meridian, it is necessary to analyze how meridian theory formed. In this regard, the primitive form of meridians requires further study. Methods: Data from the pre-Han and Han dynasties were used, as such data document primitive forms of the meridian. Results: 1. Some of the terminology of the primitive meridians did not include symmetrical terms such as hand, foot, yin and yang; instead, terms of travel area were used. 2. In the primitive meridians, most travel from the bottom to the top. 3. The twelve meridian system had not yet been introduced into the primitive system. 4. In the primitive meridians, only a few had branches. 5. In the primitive meridians, they did not have obvious connections with the five vital organs and the six viscera. Conclusions: Although the primitive meridian system differs from the modem, studying the primitive meridians may improve our understanding of the modem meridians.