• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.194-197
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• 1994

MeOH extracts of sixteen herbal drugs were tested for the effects on bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine ${\beta}-hydroxylase$. The MeOH extracts of Paeoniae Radix and Pinelliae Tuber showed 65% inhibition on the tyrosine hydroxylase activity at the concentration of 100 $\mu$g in the enzyme reaction mixture. Those of Paeoniae Radix, Pinelliae Tuber and Evodiae Fructus showed 87, 84 and 62%, respectively, on the dopamine ${\beta}-hydroxylase$ activity.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 1987

The effects of monosodium glutamate (MSG) on the activities if tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), dopamine ${\beta}$-hydroxylase (DBH), tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) in various regions (cerebral cortex, striatum, midbrain, pons and medulla of nat brain have been determined. It was observed that up to 1mM MSGhad no significant effects on the activities of brain tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine ${\beta}$-hydroxylase, tryptophan hydroxylase and monoamine oxidase in all regions of rat brain. These results indicated that MSG itself exerted no direct effect on the important enzymes synthsizing and metabolizing the monoaminergic neuronal system.

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.15-20
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• 2000

The morphology of dopaminergic neurons in the adult ox retina was studied. The dopaminergic neurons were identified using antibody immunocytochemistry. The great majority of tyrosine hydroxylase - immunoreactive neurons were located at the innermost border of the inner nuclear layer. The processes were monostratified and ran laterally within layer 1 of the inner plexiform layer. The second major population of tyrosine hydroxylase - immunoreactive neurons was displaced amacrine cells. The processes of displaced tyrosine hydroxylase - immunoreactive amacrine cells were also located within layer 1 of the inner plexiform layer. Some processes of a few neurons were located in the outer plexiform layer. A very low density of neurons had additional bands of tyrosine hydroxylase - immunoreactive processes in the middle and deep layers of the inner plexiform layer. The processes of dopaminergic neurons widely extended radially and formed large, moderately branched dendritic fields. These processes occasionally had varicosities but did not have "dendritic rings". These results indicate that dopaminergic cells make up specific neuronal cell types in the ox retina.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1991

We studied changes in the hypothalamic norepinephrine(NE) metabolism in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats by measuring basal NE levels, turnover rate of NE, and in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase activities. Basal NE level did not change significantly upto 4 weeks after the establishment of diabetes with STZ(60 mg/kg, iv). But turnover rate of NE decreased to 62% of control rate(P<0.01), and in vivo tyrosine hydroxylase activities decreased to 32% of control level(P<0.05) at one week of diabetes. From these results, we concluded that, of the three parameters measured, in vive tyrosine hydroxylase activity is the most sensitive index of altered hypothalamic NE metabloism in STZ-induced diabetic rats.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.461-472
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• 1997

The substantia nigra of the Mongolian gerbil was studies by tyrosine hydroxylase immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy with preembedding method. The purpose was to obtain information on the distribution and ultrastructure of the Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive and dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, in order to provide the necessary background for the gerbil. Large number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons were located in the compact part of substantia nigra. Findings in the gerbil, compared to observations in the other species, included the presence of prominent bundles of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive cytoplasmic processes passing in the dorsoventral direction from pars compacta into pars reticulata at middle and caudal levels of the substantia nigra, and the presence of a distinct tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive substantia nigra pars lateralis. Tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive neurons had well-developed cell organelles, especially rough endoplasmic reticulum, free ribosome and poly-ribosome, and showed the infoldings of the nuclear envelope. We anticipate that the present description of the cellular organization of the tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive dopaminergic area in the substantia nigra of gerbil will be useful for the animal experimental model of Parkinson's disease.

• Proceedings of the KSAR Conference
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• 2002.06a
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• pp.85-85
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• 2002

As an effort to direct differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hES, MB03) to dopamine-producing neuronal cells, we expressed Nurr-l in hES and examined the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) after bFGF induction. To introduce Nurr-l, hES cells were maintained in humidified chamber with 5% CO₂ and 95% air in DMEM/Fl2 supplemented with FBS (10%), penicillin (100U/㎖), and streptomycin (100㎍/㎖). (omitted)

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.782-784
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• 1998

Ginseng total saponin (GTS) can modulate dopaminergic activity at both presynaptic and postsynaptic dopamine receptors (Kim et al, 1998). The present study investigated t he effect of GTS on the bovine adrenal tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), which catalyze L/tyrosine to DOP. GTS inhibited the bovine adrenal TH by 42.4, 51.5 and 55.3% at concentrations of 40, 80 and 100${\mu}g$/ml, respectively. The IC50 value of GTS was 77.5${\mu}g$/ml. GTS exhibited noncompetitive inhibition with a substrate L-tyrosine. The Ki value was 155${\mu}g$/ml.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.258-260
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• 1996

Palmatine, an protoberberine isoquinoline alkaloid, has been found to inhibit dopamine biosynthesis by reducing tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) activity in PC12 cells (Lee and Kim, 1996). We have therefore investigated the effects of palmatine on bovine adrenal TH. Palmatine showed a mild inhibition on bovine adrenal TH (36.4% inhibition at concentration of $200\muM$). Bovine adrenal TH was inhibited competitively by palmatine with a substrate L-tyrosine. The Ki value was found to be 0.67 mM. This result suggests that the inhibition of TH activity by palmatine may be partially involved in the reduction of dopamine biosynthesis in PC12 cells.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.513-521
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of electrical stimulation on the change Tyrosine-Hydroxylase immunoreactive(TH-IR) cells in the Central gray and retrorubral field of the male SD rats. 9 healthy and normal rats were divided into three groups, 3 SD rat in each group. The one group has been stimulated by electroacupuncture(EA, 2Hz) for 30min and the other group by EA for 1hr 30min and control group has been stimulated. TH-IR cells were found in the Central gray(CG) and Retrorubral field(RF). The numbers of TH-IR cells of CG and RF were significantly increased after 30 min (CG $6.2{\pm}0.83$, RF $1.4{\pm}0.55$)as compared with control group(CG $24{\pm}3.16$, RF $6.4{\pm}0.55$) and were also significantly increased after 1hr 30min(CG $75.6{\pm}4.51$, RF $18.8{\pm}0.89$) than 30min. These results show that TH is related into CG and RF in response to electrical stimulation.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.163-173
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• 2009

Objectives : The goal of this study was to investigative the effect of Gardeniae Fructus (GF)as antidepressant in the forced swimming test(FST) model rats. Methods : The expressions of corticotropin-releasing factor(CRF), tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and c-fos were measured by immunohistochemical method at paraventricular nucleus(PVN), locus coeruleus (LC) and ventral tegmental area(VTA). Results : The duration of immobility in FST was significantly decreased in the GF 100mg/kg groups (p<0.05). CRF expression was significantly decreased at PVN in the GF 100 mg/kg and 400mg/kg treated group in comparison with the control group, respectively (p<0.01). c-fos expression was decreased at PVN in the GF 100 mg/kg treated group with no significance. TH expression was significantly decreased in the GF 100 mg/kg and 400mg/kg treated group in comparison with the control group, at LC and VTA respectively (p<0.001). Conclusion : According to the results, it can be considered that Gardeniae Fructus has antidepressant effect by showing the reduction of immobility in FST through the reduction of CRF, TH expression.