• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2003.07e
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• pp.2435-2438
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose a Korean speech understanding model using dictionary and thesaurus. The proposed model search the dictionary for the same word with in input text. If it is not in the dictionary, the proposed model search the high level words in the high level word dictionary based on the thesaurus. We compare the probability of sentence understanding model with threshold probability, and we'll get the speech understanding rate. We evaluated the performance of the sentence speech understanding system by applying twenty questions game. As the experiment results, we got sentence speech understanding accuracy of 79.8％. In this case probability of high level word is 0.9 and threshold probability is 0.38.

• Journal of the Korean School Mathematics Society
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.111-122
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine high school second graders' understanding of the basic nature of logarithm, the major type of error they made about logarithmic function and the cause of such an error, and to seek ways to instruct it better. For that purpose, three research questions were posed: 1. Investigate how much high school students in their second year comprehend the nature of logarithm. 2. Analyze what type of error they make about logarithmic function. 3. Analyze the cause of their error according to the selected error models and how it could be taught more efficiently. The findings of this study were as below: First, the natural science students had a better understanding of the basic nature of logarithm than the academic students. What produced the widest gap between the two groups' understanding was applying the nature of logarithm to the given problems, and what caused the smallest gap was the definition of logarithm and the condition of base. Second, the academic students had a poorer understanding of the basic nature of logarithmic function graph and of applying the nature of logarithm to the given problems. Third, the natural science students didn't comprehend well the basic nature of logarithmic function graph, the nature of characteristics and mantissa. Fourth, for all the students from academic and natural science courses, the most common errors were caused by the poor understanding of theorem or nature of the ［E4] model. Fifth, the academic students made more frequent errors due to the unfamiliar signs of the ［El］ model, the imperfect understanding of theorem or nature of the ［E4］ model, and the technical part of the ［E6］ model. Sixth, the natural science students made more frequent errors because of the improper problem interpretation of the ［E2］ model and the logically improper inference of the ［E3］ model.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.10B no.7
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• pp.829-836
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• 2003

In this paper, we propose a stochastic model for sentence speech understanding using dictionary and thesaurus. The proposed model extracts words from an input speech or text into a sentence. A computer is sellected category of dictionary database compared the word extracting from the input sentence calculating a probability value to the compare results from stochastic model. At this time, computer read out upper dictionary information from the upper dictionary searching and extracting word compared input sentence caluclating value to the compare results from stochastic model. We compare adding the first and second probability value from the dictionary searching and the upper dictionary searching with threshold probability that we measure the sentence understanding rate. We evaluated the performance of the sentence speech understanding system by applying twenty questions game. As the experiment results, we got sentence speech understanding accuracy of 79.8%. In this case, probability ($\alpha$) of high level word is 0.9 and threshold probability ($\beta$) is 0.38.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.27 no.8
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• pp.677-692
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• 2007

In this study, university students were provided with repeated opportunities to represent their ideas graphically, and to examined via their drawings the extent to which they could visualize macroscopic phenomena microscopically. These drawings provided insight into the students' basic understanding of solution chemistry, revealing three conceptual models: the Undifferentiated Symbolic Model, the Particulate Model, and the Symbolic Ionic Model. Generally speaking, students who had poor conceptual understanding tended to exhibit the Undifferentiated Symbolic Model, whereas students with deeper understanding tended to employ the Symbolic Ionic Model. Students' conceptual comprehension was predictable from their graphical representations, which better elucidated what they actually comprehended about the phenomena, as opposed to their ambiguous verbal descriptions alone. The results of this study demonstrated a lack of development in university students' conceptions of solutions. Their weakness in understanding at the molecular-level became more obvious when they were asked to represent their ideas in drawings. Few students exhibited expert knowledge, and several common misconceptions were found, which indicated typical difficulties students have perceiving common phenomena at the molecular level. The findings of this study illustrate how eliciting graphical representations can be used to assess students' conceptual understandings.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2016

Given the importance of understanding the equal sign in developing early algebraic thinking, this paper investigated how a total of 695 students in grades 2~6 understood the equal sign. The students completed a questionnaire with three types of items (equation structure, equal sign definition, and open equation solving) based on the construct map by four different levels of understanding the equal sign. The questionnaire was analyzed by Rasch model. The results showed that about 80% of the students were at least Level 3 which means a basic relational understanding of the equal sign. However, the success rates varied across grades and it was noticeable that about 70% of the second graders remained at Level 1 or 2 which maintains an operational understanding of the equal sign. The results of item types demonstrated that item difficulty for the advanced relational thinking was the highest and this is the same even for the Level 4 students. This paper is expected to investigate elementary school students' understanding of the equal sign and provide implications of how to deal with the equal sign in the elementary school.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Noise and Vibration Engineering Conference
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• 2008.04a
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• pp.476-479
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• 2008

Understanding the dynamics of proteins is essential to gain insight into biological functions of proteins. The protein dynamics is delineated by conformational fluctuation (i.e. thermal vibration), and thus, thermal vibration of proteins has to be understood. In this paper, a simple mechanical model was considered for understanding protein's dynamics. Specifically, a mechanical vibration model was developed for understanding the large protein dynamics related to biological functions. The mechanical model for large proteins was constructed based on simple elastic model (i.e. Tirion's elastic model) and model reduction methods (dynamic model condensation). The large protein structure was described by minimal degrees of freedom on the basis of model reduction method that allows one to transform the refined structure into the coarse-grained structure. In this model, it is shown that a simple reduced model is able to reproduce the thermal fluctuation behavior of proteins qualitatively comparable to original molecular model. Moreover, the protein's dynamic behavior such as collective dynamics is well depicted by a simple reduced mechanical model. This sheds light on that the model reduction may provide the information about large protein dynamics, and consequently, the biological functions of large proteins.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.250-257
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• 1987

The development of physiologically based pharmacokinetic model for drug distribution and excretion is described. The physiological modeling procedure is useful in animal and clinical applications to obtain fundamental knowledge of the transport and metabolism of a substance in vivo. In this paper a review of physiologically based pharmacokinetics is presented in the hope of understanding and increasing the use of this modelling technique. The method of model development and the composition of equations based on the different models are explained. For the better understanding a physiological pharmacokinetic model of tenoxicam disposition in the rat is presented as an example of flow limited model.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1171-1178
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• 2019

This study proposes a deep neural network model based on an encoder-decoder structure for visual dialogs. Ongoing linguistic understanding of the dialog history and context is important to generate correct answers to questions in visual dialogs followed by questions and answers regarding images. Nevertheless, in many cases, a visual understanding that can identify scenes or object attributes contained in images is beneficial. Hence, in the proposed model, by employing a separate person detector and an attribute recognizer in addition to visual features extracted from the entire input image at the encoding stage using a convolutional neural network, we emphasize attributes, such as gender, age, and dress concept of the people in the corresponding image and use them to generate answers. The results of the experiments conducted using VisDial v0.9, a large benchmark dataset, confirmed that the proposed model performed well.

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.195-234
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• 2013

Javanese culture has been perceived as peace-oriented and conflict-avoiding in both academic studies and local people's discourses, and this perception has been crystallized in the "rukun model" for understanding Javanese culture. But in reality, although the rukun values have been internalized in Javanese mindset, violence has never ceased in Javanese society and even seems more widespread in the Indonesian reform era. Based on this understanding, this paper reveals the limitations of peace-oriented rukun model which cannot explain conflict and violence, and instead suggests an alternative "territorial model" which can involve both peace and conflict. For that purpose, the author examines aspects of territoriality embedded in three components of Javanese villages: people, territory, and adat, and argues that territoriality works as the principle of organizing and managing Javanese society, as shown in their social stratum and various cultural practices as well as the way morality and justice are defined. By theorization of territorial model, we can understand rukun values and adat from a new perspective and thus achieve a more complete understanding of Javanese culture.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.2
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• pp.109-124
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• 1997

This paper shows how a distinctive feature model can effectively be implemented into speech understanding within the framework of the Optimality Theory(OT); i.e., to show how distinctive features can optimally be extracted from given speech signals, and how segments can be chosen as the optimal ones among plausible candidates. This paper will also show how the sequence of segments can successfully be matched with optimal words in a lexicon.