• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.91-97
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of a new warm-up condition, overloaded arm weights (721 g each arm, [OA]), on the bat speed during warm-up and immediately after warm-up with traditional warm-up conditions such as no-extra mass warm-up (control condition, [CO]) and overloaded bat warm-up (885 g donut on a bat, [OB]) conditions. Twenty male subjects who had competitive baseball experience participated in this study. Electromagnetic motion capture system was used to capture body segment motions. Results indicated that the OB showed significantly slower bat speed than the CO and OA did during warm-up (p<.05) and the bat speeds of OA and OB were similar. There was no main effect of different types of warm-up condition on the bat speed at post-warm-up swings. However, the first trial immediately after the OA and OB showed significant slower than the later trials (p<.05). Conclusively, the overloaded arm weights and overloaded bat did not show statistical superiority than the standard warm-up conditions in the deck circle and recovery time more than 3 minutes after loaded warm-up is recommended.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.277-287
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• 2008

We collected information on seasonal and interannual variability of surface chlorophyll a concentration between 1997-2007 from the Northwest Pacific Ocean. Satellite data were used to acquire chlorophyll a and sea surface temperature from six regions: East Sea/Ulleung Basin, East China Sea, Philippin Sea, Warm Pool region, Warm Pool North region, and Warm Pool East region. Mixed layer depth (MLD) was calculated from temperature profiles of ARGO floats data in four of the six regions during 2002-2007. In the East Sea/Ulleung Basin, seasonal variability of chlorophyll a concentration was attributed to seasonal change of MLD, while there was no significant relationship between chlorophyll a concentration and MLD in the Warm Pool region. Interannual anomaly in sea surface temperature were similar among the East Sea, East China Sea, Philippin Sea, and Warm Pool North region. The anomaly pattern was reversed in the Warm Pool East region. However, the anomaly pattern in the Warm Pool region was intermediate of the two patterns. In relation to chlorophyll a, there was a reversed interannual anomaly pattern between Warm Pool North and Warm Pool East, while the anomaly pattern in the Warm Pool region was similar to that of Warm Pool North except for the El $Ni\tilde{n}o$ years (1997/1998, 2002/2003, 2006/2007). However, there was no distinct relationship among other seas. Interestingly, in the Warm Pool and Warm Pool East regions, sea surface temperature showed a pronounced inverse pattern with chlorophyll a. This indicates a strong interrelationship among sea surface temperature-MLD-chlorophyll a in the regions. In the Warm Pool and Warm Pool East, zonal distribution of chlorophyll a concentration within the past 10 years has shown a good relationship with sea surface temperature which reflects ENSO variability.

• 한국염색가공학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.22-31
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• 2014

This study investigated the physical properties of warm up yarns and their knitted fabrics including the dye affinity and color fastness to washing of these knitted fabrics according to the various dyeing times and temperatures on dyeing process. The results were summarized as follows. The tenacity of Nylon/PP warm-up yarn was 4g/d and breaking strain was 4.5%. The wet and dry thermal shrinkages were higher than those of PET warm-up yarn. The maximum heat flow rate(Qmax) of Nylon/PP warm-up knitted fabric was lower than that of PET warm-up knitted fabric and heat keeping rate(a) of Nylon/PP warm-up knitted fabric was higher as 47% than that of PET warm-up knitted fabric. It was shown that the shape retention and wearing comfort of Nylon/PP warm-up knitted fabric were better than those of PET warm-up knitted fabric. The dye-affinity(K/S) of Nylon/PP warm-up knitted fabric showed maximum value at the dyeing condition of 40minute or 50minute dyeing time with $80^{\circ}C$ dyeing temperature, but PET warm-up knitted fabric showed maximum value at the 30minute or 40minute with $110^{\circ}C$ dyeing temperature. Finally, the color fastness to washing of Nylon/PP warm-up knitted fabric showed good value as between 4 and 5 grade.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.15-28
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• 2011

Objectives : To understand the strength and weakness of traditional warm needle acupuncture based on existing research outcomes in Korea mostly and to suggest how to build the desirable warm needle acupuncture apparatus by overcoming demerits of traditional and currently existing ones. Methods : We searched warm needle relating papers in Korean with the key words of '온침, 화침, 열자극' by using DBpia, Journal of Korean Oriental Medical Society, Journal of Korean Acupuncture & Moxibustion Society and Journal of Society for Meridian and Acupoint. Degree dissertations in Korean were also searched with the same words through the search engine of Library of Kyung Hee University. We also searched with words of 'warm, thermal, heat, needle, acupuncture, temperature' via Pubmed and found a small number of English written papers and large number of Chinese written ones. To find english translated version of those papers, we googled with the same words with no success. Results : About 20 papers on warm needle acupuncture written in Korean were found and analyzed with respect to experimental factors that affected the thermal properties or the amount of heat stimulus of the acupuncture. More rigorous descriptions seemed to be required on the insertion depth, duration and manipulation of warm needle treatment. A basic heat transfer model was presented for the clarification of heat loss through the needle of warm needle acupuncture. Environmental factors such as air flow on the properties seems to be considered for the warm needle acupuncture. Conclusions : Papers on warm needle acupuncture were reviewed and analyzed based on their thermal properties and tools such as needles and moxa cones. Several suggestions were made on the descriptions relating the properties. Necessary specifications were introduced to aim modernized warm needle systems.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제4권3호
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• pp.101-111
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• 2001

In an attempt to demonstrate the seasonal variation of the Ulleung Warm Eddy (UWE), in which the UWE changes its shape from a warm core ring in early spring to a warm lens in late summer under the effect of surrounding East Korean Warm Current (EKWC) Water, a simple geostrophic adjustment model is considered. Model results indicate that the buoyancy increase of the EKWC Water and the strengthening of the EKWC towards summer, both of which are typical of this region, are the major factors governing the seasonal variation of the UWE.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.838-847
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• 2004

The effect of a metal mold on densification behavior of stainless steel 316L powder was investigated under warm isostatic pressing with a metal mold. We use lead as a metal mold and obtain experimental data of metal mold properties. To simulate densification behavior of metal powder, elastoplastic constitutive equation proposed by Shima and Oyane was implemented into a finite element program (ABAQUS) under warm die pressing and warm isostatic pressing with a metal mold. Finite element results were compared with experimental data for densification and deformation of metal powder under warm isostatic pressing and warm die pressing.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.1352-1357
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• 2003

The effect of the metal mold on densification behavior of stainless steel 316L powder was investigated under warm isostatic pressing with metal mold. We use lead as metal mold and obtain experimental data of metal mold property. To simulate densification of metal powder, the elastoplastic constitutive equation proposed by Shima and Oyane was implemented into a finite element program (ABAQUS) under warm die pressing and warm isostatic pressing with metal mold. Finite element results were compared with experimental data for densification and deformation of metal powder under warm isostatic pressing and warm die pressing.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.226-244
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• 1998

한국 남해 멸치 자원의 변동이 남해의 해황 구조와 변화에 어떻게 지배되는지를 규명하기 위해 하계 (8월)와 추계 (11월)에 대마난류계수의 연안 유입 현상과 멸치난$\cdot$자어의 분포 그리고 난수의 연안 유입에 따른 해역의 생물 생산 환경을 조사하였다. 그 결과 다음의 결론을 얻었다. 하계 연안수과 대마난류계수 사이는 수온, 염분, 투명도의 수평경도가 큰 전선이 형성되고 전선역은 흐름의 shear가 크다. 멸치 난$\cdot$자어는 전선을 경계로 연안역이 외해 보다 출현 개체수가 많고 전선에 다량 분포한다. 외해의 난수역은 발생 초기의 멸치 난이 많고, 연안과 전선에서 파급된 warm streamer 역에 전, 후기 자어의 출현이 많다. warm streamer는 대마난류의 세력이 강해져 난류의 주축이 연안으로 접근하는 한계에 주로 나타나며, 고흥 반도가소리도 그리고 욕지도 서쪽에서 반시계 방향으로 연안을 향해 유입된다. warm streamer가 유입되는 연안해역은 반시계 방향의 표층 순환류 (좌선환류)가 형성된다. 난류 접안과 warm streamer의 연안 유입으로 거문도, 소리도, 거제도 주변은 표층의 wake와 저층수의 용승현상이 나타나 용존산소, 부유물질, 영양염의 농도가 크고, warm streamer가 좌선환류를 형성하면서 거문도, 소리도 주변의 연안수가 환류역내로 유입된다. 하계 한국 남해 연안에 산란된 멸치 난$\cdot$자어는 흐름의 수렴역인 대마난류계수와 연안수 사이의 전선에 수렴되어 전선에서 연안으로 파급되는 warm streamer에 의해 연안으로 수송된다. 이때 전선 내측의 연안역은 생물생산력이 크고, 클로로필 및 식물 플랑크톤의 양이 외해의 난수역보다 많아 멸치 자어의 성육에 적합한 환경이 된다 (Fig. 16 Case August). 그러나 멸치 자어의 먹이인 Copepod 양은 난수역이 많아 멸치가 성장함에 따라 연안에서 외해로 이동하게 된다. 추계는 청산도$\~$소리도에 남해 연안수가 형성되고 대마난류계수가 남해 연안에서 점차 멀어짐에 따라 연안수와 대마난류계수 사이에 온도차가 큰 전선이 형성된다. 멸치 난$\cdot$자어의 출현은 연안에서 산란이 거의 일어나지 않고 해역내 표층류가 전반적으로 이안, 동류 함에 따라 매우 낮다. 고흥반도 남쪽과 소리도$\~$욕지도 사이는 하계와 같은 warm streamer는 존재하지 않고, 욕지도 남쪽에 연안수 확장에 따른 보류 혹은 약화된 warm strea-mer의 형태로 소형 warm eddy가 출현한다 (Fig. 16 Case November) 소리도 서쪽의 남해 연안수역은 부유물질, 영양염, 클로로필의 농도가 동쪽의 소리도$\~$거제도 연안에 비해 높다. 소리도$\~$욕지도 연안은 warm streamer 유입에 의한 좌선환류의 약화로 하계와 같은 높은 염양염 농도역은 없으나, 욕지도 남쪽 warm eddy 역 주변에 농도가 높다. 식물 플랑크톤의 양은 하계보다 작으나 Copepod 개체수는 증가 해, 멸치 자어의 초기 생잔에 필요한 먹이 조건은 양호하다. 그러나 산란과 난$\cdot$자어의 연안 수송이 거의 이루어지지 않아 멸치 어장은 대마난류계수가 연안과 가까운 거제도와 대마도 주변으로 이동된다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.1209-1216
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• 2002

The requirements of coil spring fer higher fatigue strength have been increased to achieve the weight reduction of a vehicle. As the possible increase in fatigue strength by using the conventional shot peening treatment is found to be limited, it is necessary to modify the shot peening treatment. The warm shot peening is a shot peening treatment carried out within warm temperature range. The aim of this paper is to analyze some experimental results concerned with the effect of warm shot peening and to discuss the mechanism of warm shot peening in detail. By the results of rotating bending fatigue test, the fatigue strength of test specimen increases up to 23.8% in the production condition of warm shot peening at 200$\^{C}$ compared with conventional shot peening. The major reason why the warm shot peening is effective to the improvement of fatigue strength is the increase of a compressive residual stress distribution, which can be caused by more effective deformation under the condition of warm temperature.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 2006년도 제5회 박판성형 SYMPOSIUM
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• pp.93-98
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• 2006

Warm forming technology was classified into hot gas forming of using compressible fluid as a nitrogen gas and warm hydroforming of using the incompressible fluid as a thermal oil by using medium fluid. In this study, the aluminum side-rail part was developed with warm hydroforming technology. For the warm hydroforming system, top and bottom die was designed to insert heating cartridge in die cavity and special indirect fluid heating system was designed to heat the thermal oil. As increase the temperature, hydroformability was increased linearly. Aluminum side-rail center part was formed 90% at the internal pressure of 100bar and perfectly formed at 300bar within a moderate temperature. The tube material used for warm hydroforming was a aluminum 6000 series alloy with the diameter of 120mm, thickness of 5mm, length of 1,300mm. Warm hydroformed side-rail center part had 20% of maximum expansion ratio and below 20% of maximum thinning ratio at corner radius. This results were provided to show warm hydroforming possibility for aluminum automotive components.