• Title/Summary/Keyword: washing

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A Study on the Hand Washing Awareness and Practices of Food-service Employees and the Load of Index Microorganisms on the Hands (조리종사자의 손 씻기 의식과 실천 및 손의 지표미생물 오염도에 관한 연구)

  • Park, Jeong-Yeong;Kim, Joong-Soon;Kim, Jong-Gyu
    • Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.95-107
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    • 2010
  • Hand-washing is one of the major factors in personal hygiene and public health. This study was undertaken to investigate the hygienic behavior of food-service employees, focusing on awareness of hand washing, hand washing practices, and the load of index microorganisms (aerobic plate count, total and fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus) on the hands of food-service employees. A questionnaire survey completed by direct interview, direct observation of restrooms by the researcher and trained observers, and microbiological examination according to the Food Code of Korea were carried out. In the survey, a positive attitude toward hand washing compliance was reported; however, improper hand washing and poor hand hygiene of the food-service employees were seen under direct observation. Significant differences (p<0.05) were found between the questionnaire survey and the direct observations in hand washing compliance after using the toilet, duration of hand washing, use of hand washing agents, use of hand washing tools, washing of different parts of the hands, hand-drying method, temperature of water, and method of turning off the water. Samples taken from employees' hands before washing showed higher levels of bacteria than those taken during work and/or after washing (p<0.05). Poor hand washing practices were indicated by the positive results for total and fecal coliforms, E. coli, and S. aureus on the hands of some food-service employees. This study showed that there is a marked difference between the food-service employees' awareness of hand-washing and their actual hand-washing practices. The poor hand hygiene of and improper hand washing by the food-service employees should be addressed for improved food safety.

Assemblage and Driving Characteristics of a Ultrasonic Fabric Washing Machine (초음파 직물수세기의 구성 및 구동 특성)

  • 이춘길;이광수
    • Textile Coloration and Finishing
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.207-217
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    • 2000
  • A new, high-efficiency ultrasonic fabric washing machine was developed to be an energy-efficient washing machine and to enhance fabric washing quality in washing processes of the dyeing and finishing process in the textile industry. This system is composed of ultrasonic wave generator, air blowing nozzle, torque motor for fabric tension control, and enclosed washing bath, multi-tube type exchanger, noiseless heater, air cylinder, expander roller, mangle upper and lower rollers, bend bar, dancer, shower spray nozzle, and solenoid valve, and so on. These elements are synergised for fabric washing. One of the very important principles is the low tension fabric running system. For an efficient washing effect, a counter flow system is also adopted. The new system also adopts the dancer and torque motor to control fabric tension and prevent fabric creasing. Shower spray nozzle, counter flow and overflow apparatus, and air-blowing apparatus are adopted to enhance the fabric washing effect. In this study, peach yoryu, exter, and moss crepe fabrics were washed by the general and ultrasonic washing systems under different conditions respectively. The washing efficiency was affected by the fabric running speed and characteristics of fabrics. Size content after washing increased with increasing the fabric running speed. The values in the general washing system were higher than those of the ultrasonic washing system. The changes of conductivity in the ultrasonic and the cooling bath were affected by the running time under the ultrasonic generating. The values of conductivity decreased as the experimental time passed.

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Sustainability of Textile Products based on Washing Conditions: Focusing on the washing temperature and washing time (의류제품의 세탁조건과 지속가능성: 세탁온도와 세탁시간을 중심으로)

  • Yun, Changsang;Ryu, Hanna;Park, Sohyun
    • Human Ecology Research
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    • v.56 no.5
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    • pp.417-424
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    • 2018
  • The use stage of a textile product impacts sustainability more significantly than other stages of the product's life cycle due to repeated washing and drying. This study determines efficient washing conditions, with high detergency, to reduce energy consumption from excessive washing and improve the washing process sustainability. Detergency was measured at various washing temperatures ($20^{\circ}C$, $40^{\circ}C$, and $60^{\circ}C$) and time (10 min, 20 min, and 30 min) using standardized soiled fabrics, i.e., 100% cotton, polyester/cotton (65%/35%), and 100% polyester woven fabric soiled with pigment/sebum, carbon black/mineral oil, soot/mineral oil, cocoa, blood, and red wine. Detergency at the washing condition of $20^{\circ}C$ and 30 min was higher than that at $40^{\circ}C$ and 10 min. In addition, detergency at the condition of $40^{\circ}C$ and 30 min was also higher than that at $60^{\circ}C$ and 10 minutes. This may be because a reduced washing effect at low washing temperatures was complemented by increased mechanical action over a long time. Further, washing temperature and time, with the same detergency, differed based on the type of fiber and soil. Also, the influence of a detergent on the detergency depends on the type of soil. The results suggest that energy and detergent have been consumed more than necessary in actual laundry. According to each type of fiber and soil, washing conditions designed to reduce the energy consumption of the washing process while maintaining the same detergency, were determined.

Optimum Washing Conditions of Artificially Soiled Cloths in a Drum-Type Washing Machine (드럼세탁기의 세척성 향상을 위한 인공 오염포의 세탁조건에 따른 세척성)

  • Chung, Hae-Won;Kim, Mi-Kyung;Kim, Hyun-Sook
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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    • v.30 no.11 s.158
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    • pp.1589-1597
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    • 2006
  • Nowadays, Korean consumers prefer drum-type washing machines to pulsator-type washers. Washing is a complex process involving the interaction of numerous physical and chemical influences. The main factors in the washing operations are the washing chemistry of the detergent along with the mechanical input, the wash temperature, and the time provided by the washing machine. Heavy-duty detergents that are used in drum-type washing machines contain different components from those used in vertical-axis washing machines. The bath ratio and the mechanical actions to which laundry is subjected are different between the drum-type and the vertical-axis washing machines. In this study we examined the effects of wash temperature, wash time, detergent concentration, and revolution speed on the removal of soils from artificially soiled cloths in a drum-type washing machine with heavy-duty commercial detergent. We used multiple regression analyses to find the relative importance of the factors and the optimum washing conditions. The results of these experiments showed that the washing temperature was the most important factor in the effective removal of most soils. This was followed by the washing time, the detergent concentration, and finally the revolution speed. In this study it was found that superfluous amounts of detergent did not sufficiently increase the soil removal rate. Koreans who are used to washing with cold water should increase the wash time to launder more efficiently.

의류의 염색 가공과 세탁

  • 이범택
    • Proceedings of the Costume Culture Conference
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    • 2003.12a
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    • pp.21-26
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    • 2003
  • I 의류의 염색 및 가공 1. 염색 방법 (섬유제품에 의한 분류) ① 섬유 염색 (Fiber Dyeing) ②사염 ③ 원단 염색 ④ 의류 염색 2. 염료 종류에 따른 염색 (Cellulose 섬유를 중심으로) ① 직접 염료에 의한 염색 ② 반응성 염료에 의한 염색 ③ VAT 염료에 의한 염색 ④ Pigment Dyeing ⑤ 형광 증백제에 의한 염색 3. Washing 가공 ① Normal Washing ② Stone Washing ③ Bio Washing ④ Acid Washing ⑤ Sand Washing (중략)

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Performance Evaluation of a Washing Machine of Unconstrained Transmission (불구속 동력전달 세탁기의 성능 평가)

  • Kim, Yeong Man;Choi, Woo Chun
    • Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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    • v.31 no.4
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    • pp.343-351
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    • 2014
  • Washing machines designed to clean laundry have been more widely used at home as they reduce household labor and boost the quality of life. Technological advances and better standards of life increase demand for laundry washing performance. Energy efficiency regulations and consumer demand for the larger trend, washing machine makers should be done in performance studies to reduce power, and water consumption and the load on power transmission devices. In this study, performance of a fully automatic washing machine with unconstrained transmission is analyzed through experiment and CFD simulation. It is found that the interaction between laundry and transmission change the washing behavior and affect washing performance with regard to the degree of freedom. The results obtained in this study can be used in developing new washing machine transmissions and make them more robust.

The Review on the Washing System of Herb medicine (한약재 세척 방법에 관한 연구)

  • Hyun, Ja-Kyoung;Seo, Young-Bae
    • Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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    • v.20 no.1
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    • pp.161-174
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    • 2011
  • Objectives : This paper researched methods of washing Herb medicine through research papers of washing Crops Materials and Methods : We collected research papers on Washing crops. Then we analysed them according to washing methods. Results : The following results were obtained in this study. 1. Herbal fruit, wash using a conveyor belt. 2. Leafy herbs, soak in a chlorine solution or ozone solution and rinse it. sometimes using micro bubble system. 3. Radix, wash with high pressure sprinkling water. 4. Cortex, wash under running water by hand washing. Conclusion : Herb medicines need a washing methods for each region. so Herbs should be washed in a suitable methods for each region.

A Case Study for Installation of Dry Washing Process in Kitchen (주방에서 건식 식기 세척기 설치 및 운전 사례연구)

  • Tateda, Masafumi;Kim, Youngchul
    • Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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    • v.23 no.3
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    • pp.391-396
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    • 2007
  • Dry washing by air and sand to clean dishes was investigated for establishing a dry washing process in a kitchen. Thirty seasonings and foods as dirt markers and fourteen kinds of dishes were used for the experiment, and washing efficiency was evaluated by COD-MN (mg/L). It was found that air dry washing effectively reduced COD-MN of some dirt markers but not effective at all to some dirt markers. It could be also said that dirt markers would not be completely removed by air dry washing. The shape of dishes also affected COD-MN reduction by air dry washing. Sand dry washing showed excellent efficiency on COD-MN reduction. Combination of air and sand dry washing may be necessary to make a dish dry washing system which is completely independent from water.

A Study on the Washing and Satisfaction of Newborn Clothing - Focused on Innerwear - (신생아복 세탁 실태 및 만족도에 관한 연구 -배냇저고리 중심으로-)

  • Roh, Eui Kyung
    • Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.237-243
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    • 2019
  • This study analyzed satisfaction with and washing of newborn clothing (especially the innerwear washing behaviors) which are considered to be the most basic items among newborn clothing.The survey was conducted on mothers with children under 24 months old. Using an average of 6.7 innerwear items that were changed average 2.3 times a day with baby formula and breast milk representing the main contaminants. When washing clothes for a newborn, respondents were mainly concerned with: rinsing residual detergent, removing stains and contaminants, and sterilization and disinfection. Items were washed by a laundry label to prevent clothes damage. A baby-friendly or environmentally-friendly detergent was used to wash before being worn after purchase was separated and washed in various washing courses of the washing machine every day, boiled, rinsed an average 3.6 times, and dried mainly in the sun. Environmentally friendly cotton (59.5%) and organic cotton (41.6%) products were mainly used; however, items were washed separately from regular laundry. Respondents were satisfied with methods of washing. Consumers are concerned about washing because they think that washing affects a newborn's health. Therefore, it is necessary to provide consumers with appropriate information on washing and establish regulations for the use of harmful substances in newborn clothing and detergents.

A Study on the Effect of Face Washing on Pore Changes (모공 변화에 대한 세안의 효과 연구)

  • Seung Woo Im;Jin Suk Koo
    • The Korea Journal of Herbology
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    • v.38 no.3
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    • pp.11-18
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    • 2023
  • Objectives : This study aimed to investigate the effect of face washing on pore changes in a controlled environment without external condition changes. The research compared the results of water washing, foam cleanser (F/C) washing, and herb cp (cold process) soap washing on pore reduction. Methods : The experiment was conducted using the same water and towel, in the same place, before and 10 minutes after washing. The skin test was performed before and after washing, and three cases of herb cp soap were tested: Ginseng, Liriope platyphylla (LP), and Castanea crenata inner shell (CCIS). A control group was established using water and F/C washing. Results : Water washing and F/C washing showed a similar degree of pore reduction. Men and individuals with complex skin types showed significantly larger pores. LP cp soap showed the greatest significance in pore reduction. Conclusion : This study found that pore shrinking effects were observed regardless of the use of facial cleansers. LP cp soap was found to be the most effective in reducing pore size. It is important to emphasize the importance of face washing for individuals with large pores and combination skin types, especially men.