• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.78-82
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of water-soluble calcium supplements manufactured with eggshells and oyster shells on growing rats. The aim was to review the potential use of food wastes as materials for water-soluble calcium supplements as compared to water-soluble calcium supplements made from imported seaweed powder. When experimental animals were administered three types of water-soluble calcium supplements orally for six weeks, the serum calcium level of the seaweed calcium supplement group were significantly higher than that of eggshell or oyster shell-derived calcium, but blood alkali phosphatase activity, osteocalcin and urine crosslink levels were not different in the three types of calcium supplements. Bone mineral density and bone mineral content in spine, femur and tibia also were not significantly different among the groups. However, when considering body weight of each group, bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the femur were significantly higher in the oyster shell calcium supplement group. These results suggest that at least on a short-term basis, the effect of calcium supplements prepared from eggshell and oyster shell are similar to the effects of seaweed calcium supplements.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.217-221
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• 2007

Within the elderly population, the use of calcium supplements and the intake of calcium from food are on the rise in order to maintain health. Calcium is absorbed as an ion in vivo, leading to speculation that absorption efficiency is affected by the solubility of the calcium consumed. In our study, the bioavailability of two types of calcium supplements with different solubilities was evaluated. Experimental animals were fed water-soluble or insoluble calcium supplements for 6 weeks. We found that blood alkali phosphatase activity, osteocalcin content, and urine crosslinks values were not different between the groups. Similarly, the degree of apparent calcium absorption between the two calcium supplements was not significantly different. The bone mineral density and bone mineral content of the femur and the tibia increased in the group that consumed insoluble calcium compared with those of the water-soluble calcium supplemented group. However, when considering body weight, the bone mineral density value for all areas, including the spine, was significantly higher in the group that consumed the water-soluble calcium supplement.

• 한국지역사회생활과학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.59-64
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• 2005

This study is to find out effects of hot water soluble extract from green tea, one of the Korean favorites, on the calcium metabolism and bone strength in body. To do so, calcium, phosphate, creatinine concentration and ALP activity in blood and the content of calcium and ash in the organ, the length, weight, strength in bone were measured. In addition, to find the calcium metabolism, the level of calcium intake, excretion, retention were measured. Twenty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into two groups and isoloated soy protein was provided as the source of protein and CaCO₃ was provided as the source of calcium. 0.5% hot water soluble extract from green tea was provided to the green tea groups and for the control group deionized water was provided. The results are as follows ; 1. There is no difference between the experimental groups in diet intake, weight gain, and the feed intake. 2. Feed efficiency ratio was low in the group which hot water soluble extract from green tea was provided. 3. There is no difference between groups the level of calcium, phosphorus, creatinine and ALP activity in serum. 4. There is no difference between groups weight, contents of ash and calcium in kidney and liver. 5. There is no difference between groups in calcium intake, absorption, excretion, and retention. 6. There is no difference between groups weight, length and strength in bone. In summary, when hot water soluble extract from green tea was provided with the amount of 150-200mg, which is taken when people generally drink as favorite tea, weight gain was reduced due to the decrease of feed efficiency ratio. However, it did not affect the availability of calcium in body at all. Thus, even if a big quantity of green tea powder or solid of hot green tea extract is not provided, the quantity obtained when people drink green tea lowers the feed efficiency ratio without reducing availability of calcium in body.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.274-280
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• 2001

깻잎에 있어 칼슘의 생리작용을 밝히기 위하여 조직 중의 칼슘의 존재형태에 대하여 조사하였다. 즉 조직 중의 칼슘을 물(F-I), IN 소금(F-II), 2% 초산(F-III), 그리고 5% 염산(F-IV)의 각 용매를 이용하여 차례로 추출하여 각 분획의 칼슘과 마그네슘 함량을 측정하였다. 아울러 이 중 칼슘 분획이 저장기간과 저장온도에 따라 어떻게 변동하는가를 검토 하였으며 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 엽령에 따른 칼슘의 존재형태를 분석한 결과 모든 엽령에서 F-I (28.41~39.52%)과 F-II(34.44~47.39%) 비율이 높았으며 F-IV는 15.6~21.57%로 수산칼슘으로의 존재가 많지 않았다. 마그네슘의 존재형태는 F-I과 F-II가 90% 이상을 차지하였으며 F-IV는 4%에 불과하였다. 2. 깻잎의 F-IV 칼슘비율을 시금치 및 차조기의 그것과 비교한 결과 깻잎은 16.75, 시금치는 42.4, 자소는 22.26%가 수산칼슘 형태로 존재하여 깻잎에서의 비율이 가장 낮음이 확인되었다. 마그네슘의 존재형태는 칼슘과는 다르게 시금치에서 수산과 결합한 비율이 가장 낮았으며 수용성 분획인 F-I칼슘이 90.6%를 차지하였으며 깻잎과 자소는 각각 62.89, 16.8%로 조사되었다. 3. 수확 후 7일간 5$^{\circ}C$와 2$0^{\circ}C$에서 저장하면서 비타민 C와 F-IV 칼슘의 변화추이를 분석한 결과 비타민 C는 저장 1일 째는 감소가 완만하나 4일째에 급격히 감소를 보였다. F-IV 칼슘의 경우는 저장 1일 째 완만한 증가를 보이다가 역시 4일째 급격한 증가를 보였다. 이로써 비타민 C가 감소할수록 수산칼슘의 비율이 증가한다는 사실이 입증되었다. 이러한 경향은 5$^{\circ}C$보다는 2$0^{\circ}C$에서 더욱 두드러지게 나타났다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제7권
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• pp.39-43
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• 1966

This experiment was carried out to determine how the water soluble, the available phosphoric acid and the urea-N would change as time went by, when mixtures of calcium superphosphate and urea were made. Two kinds of materials, i. e., calcium superphosphate and urea were engaged in this experiment. Two kinds of mixed fertilizer, i. e., A and B were made up by mixing these materials to satisfy the following ratio. 1) Urea 1+ calcium superphosphate 1${\cdots}\;{\cdots}$A 2) Urea 1+ calcium superphosphate 2${\cdots}\;{\cdots}$B A and B pIaced placed in desiccators respectively a six-month period. During the time of storage, the water soluble, the available $P_2O_5$ and the urea-N were measured once a month, seven times with the control measurement. The results may be summarized as follows. 1. The urea-N in both A and B showed no change by the passage of time. This fact suggested that the mixing of calcium superphosphate with urea was not unfavourable. 2. A and B showed no diminishing in the water soluble and the available $P_2O_5$ in the process of time. This fact indicated that the combination of calcium superphosphate with urea was not unfeasible.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.137-143
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• 2012

Chinese cabbage plant was grown hydroponically for 4 weeks in order to examine the temporal relationship of calcium concentration of the nutrient solution with calcium content in the leaf tissue and susceptibility of the tissue to soft rot disease by $Pectobacterium$ $carotovorum$ ssp. $carotovorum$ (Pcc). Calcium concentration from 0.5 to 32.0 mM was maintained for 1 week using Hoagland & Arnon solution. The calcium content of the leaf was proportionally increased to the concentration of the nutrient in the solution (r = 0.912). In contrast, the severity of soft rot symptom in the young leaves was inversely related with the amount of calcium supplied to the nutrient solution (r = 0.899). Water-soluble chitosan, prepared by hollow fiber filtration (> 100 kDa) was applied into the nutrient solution from 0.0 to 5,000 ppm. The chitosan of 10 ppm was the most effective to promote calcium uptake of the leaf, showing 155% of the control. The same chitosan solution prohibited most soft rot development of the leaf by Pcc, exhibiting only 53% of the control. Among different molecular weight fractions, chitosan fraction obtained from 30-100 kDa molecular weight cut-off promoted calcium uptake the most up to 163% of the control, and reduced the development of soft rot disease recording merely 36% of the control of the leaf tissue. The results obtained in the present study suggest that large scale production of water-soluble chitosan with an optimum molecular weight and its commercial application to Chinese cabbage production will be important to improve yield and quality of the crop.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제7권
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• pp.45-52
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• 1966

This study was carried out to determine how the water soluble, the available $P_2O_5$ and urea-N would change in the course of time, when the mixtures of calcium superphosphate and urea with lime for fertilizer which occurred in Korea and largely contained calcium carbonate were made. Three kinds of materials, i. e., calcium superphosphate, urea and lime for fertilizer were used in this study. Three kinds of mixed fertilizer, i. e., A, B and C were made up by mixing these materials to satisfy the following formula. $$1)\;Ca(H_2PO_4)_2+CaCO_3+CO(NH_2)_2{\rightarrow}$$$$Ca_2H_2(PO_4)+H_2CO_3+NH_3$$ $$2)\;Ca(H_2PO_4)_2+CaCO_3+CO(NH_2)_2{\rightarrow}$$$$Ca_3(PO_4)_2+H_2CO_3+NH_3$$ $$3)\;Ca(H_2PO_4)_2+CaCO_3+CO(NH_2)_2{\rightarrow}$$$$Ca_3(PO_4)_2+H_2CO_3+CaCO_3+NH_3$$ A,B and C were placed in desiccators respectively a six month period. During the time of storage, the water soluble, the available phosphoric acid and urea-N were measured once a month, seven times with the control measurement. The results may be summarized as follows. 1. None of A, B and C showed any change in the urea-N with the lapse of time. This fact indicated that the combination of calcium superphosphate and urea with lime for fertilizer was not unfavourable. 2. A, B and C decreased in the amount of water soluble $P_2O_5$ with the passage of time. This fact indicated that the mixing of calcium superphosphate and urea with lime for fertilizer was unfeasible. 3. The available $P_2O_5$ in any of A,B and C did not undergo a change as time went by. This fact suggested that the combination of calcium superphate and urea with lime for fertilizer was favourable.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.717-724
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• 2000

A number of epidemiological studies has indicated lifestyles including dietary habits are closely related to the development of certain forms of cancer. These findings have led several investigators to identify the ways in which these factors mdulate the risk of cancer. Seaweeds are rich sources of non-digestible polysaccharides which possibly posses physiological functions. In vitro studies showed several components in seaweeds inhibit tumor cell growth and mutagenicity of known food mutagens. On the other hand non-digestible polysaccharides of different food sources negatively affect mineral nutrition by decreasing mineral absorption. The objectives of this study was to investigate the effect of major seaweed intake on azoxymethane(AOM) - induced DNA damage a known cancer initiation step and on apparent absorption of calcium and iron. To accomplish these objectives twenty five ICR mice were divided into five groups and fed one of the following diets for 10 days : control diet d, diet containing 10% water-soluble fraction of seamustard or seatangle diet containing 10% water-insoluble fraction of seamustard or seatangle. AOM was injected 6 hours before sacrifice and N7-methylated guanines from the colonic DNA were quantified using a gas chromatography -mass spectroscopy. Fecal samples were collected on days 4 and 8. Caclium and iron contents of the diets and feces were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometry to determine the apparent absorption of these minerals. Results are as follows. AOM-induced guanine methylation of colon was decreased in animals fed diets containing water-soluble fractions of seamustard or seatangle compared to those in animals fed control diet although only the seatnagle fed group showed statistically significant effect. Apparent calcium absorption was significantly reduced in animals fed diets containing water-insoluble fractions of seaweeds. Iron absorption was significantly decreased and negatively balanced in animals fed diets containing water-insoluble fractions of both seaweeds, and water-soluble fraction of seatangle. In conclusion, seamustard and seatangle intakes may effectively prevent colon tumorigenesis by reducing a carcinogen-induced DNA damages, and more mechanistic studies on possible role of seaweeds on carcinogenesis are required. Also, adverse effects of seaweed diets cintaming a large amount of polysaccharides on mineral nutrition should be carefully monitored.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 1998

수산가공 부산물을 기능성 식품가공 소재로 이용하기 위한 일련의 연구로 기능성 어류 뼈 칼슘제의 제조 조건(회수방법 및 autoclaving 시간) 및 칼슘제의 특성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 명태 뼈에 물을 가하고 autoclaving한 칼슘제가 기타 방법으로 제조한 칼슘제에 비하여 칼슘함량은 낮았고, 수율 및 칼슘 가용화율은 높았다. 칼슘제 제조를 위한 autoclaving 처리시간은 40분간 처리한 것이 이보다 단시간 처리한 것보다 칼슘의 함량 및 가용화율은 높았고, 수율은 낮았다. 그러나 이보다 장시간 처리한 것과는 이들 성분에서 차이가 없었다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 명태 뼈에 물을 가하고 40분간 autoclaving한 칼슘제가 기타 어종, 방법 및 autoclaving 시간으로 제조한 것보다 우수하다고 판단되었다. 이 조건으로 제조한 칼슘제는 산성조건(pH 2)에서 1시간동안 진탕$(37^{\circ}C)$으로 거의 가용화 되었고, 이를 중성조건(pH 7.0)에서 3시간동안 진탕$(37^{\circ}C)$함으로서 약 59%가 가용화 되었다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.228-235
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• 2015

In order to clarify the thermal and hygroscopic properties of indoor particulate matter (PM) in a semiclosed subway space, which is critically important for understanding of the distinctive particle formation processes as well as the assessment of their health effects, the size-resolved PMs (i.e., $PM_{2.5}$ and $PM_{10-2.5}$) were intensively collected on the platform of Miasageori station on the Seoul Subway Line-4. The elemental concentrations in soluble and insoluble fractions were determined by PIXE from the bulkily pretreated $PM_{2.5}$. The thermal and hygroscopic characteristics of individual particles were investigated via a combination of the unique pretreatment techniques (i.e., the high-temperature rapid thermal process and the water dialysis) and SEM-EDX analysis. Iron and calcium were unequaled in insoluble and soluble $PM_{2.5}$ fractions, respectively, with overwhelming concentration. The SEM-EDX's elemental net-counts for the pre- and post-pyrolyzed PMs newly suggest that magnesium and several elements (i.e., silica, aluminum, and calcium) may be readily involved in the newly generated subway fine PM by a high-temperature thermal processing when trains are breaking and starting. Through the water dialysis technique, it turned out that calcium has meaningful amount of water soluble fraction. Furthermore, the concentrations of the counter-ions associated with the calcium in subway $PM_{10-2.5}$ were theoretically estimated.